Wisdom statistical training and research consultant

29/05/2025

🏏CONTENTS OF VARIOUS PARTS OF THE THESIS

Part One

Note there are some sections we chose didn't cover because they are mostly optional or not necces

✅TITLE PAGE
This section is the first page of the thesis.
It contains:
Approved title of the thesis
💎Author's/ Researcher's name
💎Department
💎Degree to be attained and
💎The School/ Universinty/ college

✅ABSTRACT
The abstract shall not be more than 200-300 words depending on the type of degree and shall contain the following:

💎A brief statement of the specific objectives and envisaged contributions of the research work.

💎 A brief statement of research methodology used (principles only) including methods of data analysis

💎A brief straight-to-the-point summary of specific findings

💎A statement of implications of the findings
NOTE: It may be placed at the top but it is written at the end of the work

💎ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author shall acknowledge in his/her own words the assistance given by others during the research work and the preparation of thesis.

💎TABLE OFCONTENTS
This shall contain a list of all the major component parts of the thesis and the respective pages on which they begin, starting with report.

🔰MAIN BODY🔰

✅CHAPTER 1️⃣ (Introduction)
This chapter shall be devoted primarily to justifying the research work. Accordingly, the chapter shall contain:

💎A general overview of the background, concept, general objectives and scope of theresearch. This may include statementof the problem, significance/purpose of study.

💎Specific objectives of the research work orworking hypothesis, as the case may be.

💎Specific proposals (statements only) on how toachieve the specific research objective test the working hypothesis above
Scope and limitation of the research

✅CHAPTER 2️⃣ (Literature Review)
This entails an exhaustive but incisive, coherent and up-to-date review of relevant literature in the research area. The candidate is expected to show a high proficiency in information retrieval and interpretation. The literature review shall be geared towards justifying the defined objectives of the research. Consequently, the style of presentation of retrieved information and their interpretation shall be purposeful, directed solely at establishing the premise

28/11/2024

ለ MBA የሚሆኑ የ ሪሰርች ቶፒኮች....................................................
ሁሌም የሪሰርች ዕርእስ ስንመርጥ የሚከተሉትን ሀሳቦች ማገናዘብ ይኖርብናል፡፡

👉Original (አዲስ)
👉Creative and interesting (ሳቢ)
👉Recent and relevant (ወቅታዊና ጠቃሚ)
👉Suit your specific passion (ለራሳችን ፍላጎት የሚስበን)
👉 Feasible (ልንሰራው የምንችልና አዋጪ)

የሚከተሉትን ቶፒኮች ዌብሳይት ላይ ያገኘሇቸውና ይጠቅማሉ ብየ ያሰብኳቸው ናቸው፡፡ Check them out.
👇

✅ Current trends in the Ethiopian advertising and consumer behavior

የማስታወቂያ ባህል እና የደንበኞች ባህሪ ሂደቶች ኦሪጅናልና ወቅታዊ የጥናት area ሲሆን ልንሰራው የምንችለው (feasible) አይነት title ልናገኝበት እንችላለን፡፡

✅ The relationship and common aspects of innovation management and organizational culture

ብዙ ጊዜ የተለያዮ የአሰራር ሂደቶች organizational culture ጋር ያላቸው relation ሲጠና ይታያል፡፡ ከ Innovation አንፃር ብናየው ደግሞ ኦሪጅናል የሆነ ስራን ልንሰራ እንችላለን፡፡ Innovation is quite new area in our country.

✅ Empirical investigation into the influence of organizational and leadership performance

✅ A case study of rural/urban marketing project

✅ Investigating the impact of consumer loyalty programs in convenience stores

✅ Investigating the effects of mobile banking

✅ Analyzing the effectiveness of advertising

✅ A comparative study of organized trading in Ethiopa

✅ Analysis of the effects of branding on the buyers’ purchase decision

Branding በሀገራችን በስፋት የምናስተውለው ነገር ነው፡፡ ሰዎች ብራንድ ነገሮችን የመግዛት ባህል እያዳበሩ መጥተዋል፡፡ branding ገዢዎችን ምን ያክል affect እያደረጋቸው ነው?

✅ A study of job task management using a geographical information system

ይሄ area በተለይ የ GIS እውቀት ሊጠይቅ ይችላል፡፡

ከላይ የተጠቀሱት research area ወይም theme ሲሁኑ more specific ሲሆኑ ሪሰርች ታይትል እናገኛለን፡፡ ያም ማለት በአንድ ድርጅት ወይም ከተማ ወይም ብራንች .....ላይ specific አድርገን ልንሰራቸው እንችላለን፡፡

28/11/2024

RESEARCH PROPOSAL STRUCTURE

Proposals can be put together in many ways, but they generally contain several set components. Always ask your supervisor about precise requirements, such as how long the proposal should be and which elements are mandatory

❇️Title page

This should be similar to the title page that you will eventually prepare for your dissertation. Include the following items:
▪️The document’s title (and subtitle, if relevant);
▪️The name of your school;
▪️Contact information for your academic supervisor(s);
▪️Date and place;
▪️Your name (and the name of any co-authors, if relevant).

❇️Table of contents
Use Microsoft Word’s table of content tools to generate this list so that it will be automatically updated whenever you amend your document.

❇️Chapter 1️⃣ INTRODUCTION: Background and context
This chapter should more thoroughly explain the problem or question you will look at. It’s particularly important to demonstrate why your research is relevant, which you can do by outlining the context of your project. Briefly explain the history, describe the current situation and highlight important recent developments. You should also introduce the organization you are looking at, if relevant.

After reading this introduction to your topic, people should understand why you will undertake your research and want to learn more. If the proposal itself is long, you can also use this section to briefly outline how the rest of the proposal is structured.

❇️Chapter 2️⃣ Problem statement and analysis
Use this chapter to present a clear outline of the problem or issue that you will address, including:
▪️Who has responsibility for the problem?
▪️What has already been done to try to solve it?
▪️What will happen if the problem is not solved?

In this chapter it’s also important to clearly state what is and is not part of your research design, as being explicit will help to avoid later conflict. Be sure to identify which part of an organization will be involved in the research, if appropriate.

❇️Chapter 3️⃣ Objective and final outcomes
This chapter should clearly identify what will come out of your research, which ensures that you and everyone involved in your thesis have the same expectations. It will also help to clarify what you are working towards. Include the following components:
▪️Objective: Note any targets you aim to achieve through your research.
▪️Final outcomes Describe any specific end products that you will create on the basis of your findings (e.g., for the organization you are studying). Examples include a website, model or strategy.

❇️Chapter 4️⃣ Conditions and risk analysis
Use this chapter to discuss any constraints that may be associated with your project.

Conditions
Describe what you will need in order to undertake the project. For instance:
▪️Money: How much money do you need to conduct the research?
▪️Location: Are there any requirements related to where you will conduct your research (for example, a workstation)?
▪️Materials: What materials do you need for the research?
▪️Expertise: What experts do you need access to?
▪️Time: How much time do you need for your research?
▪️Expert and participant availability: Will individuals be accessible and free when you need them (e.g., to be interviewed or complete a survey)?

Risk analysis
Identify any possible risks that may be associated with the project and the measures you will take to avoid them.

❇️Chapter 5️⃣ Approach
This chapter should outline the steps you will take to achieve your desired objectives and outcomes. You should also include your general planning calendar, to clarify what you will do when.
Example of a time schedule is attached below👇🏿👇🏿

❇️Sources/reference list
Be sure to identify the sources of any information you use in your plan.

❇️Appendices
A research proposal generally doesn’t have too many appendices, but you can use them if you have important items that are too long to include in the document’s main body. Examples include a market share table that helps to justify the study’s relevance.

28/11/2024

STEPS ON HOW TO USE STATA SOFTWARE

Extract the Stata package whereever you like (C or D drive)

Stata always checks for updates ==> means there's a possibility that the company will block your access to the software

So we need to stop this from happening, use the following steps (We are preventing the computer from accessig the stata website)

Note: After the following steps, you will not be able to access www.stata.com from any of your browsers

SINCE THIS IS A SYSTEM FILE, IT IS DANGEROUS, BE CAREFUL NOT TO DO ANYTHING ELSE OTHER THAN WHAT IT WRITTEN BELOW

1 - Press start, search for Notepad
2 - Right click and Run as administrator and confirm Yes (You will be asked if you allow the software to make changes to your device)
Now we have elevated privileges to edit system files through Notepad
3 - Within Notepad, click File ==> Open
4 - Navigate to C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc
5 - At the bottom right, select All Files instead the of default Text Documents (.txt)
6 - You'll see previously hidden files, Select hosts (on some computers there's a duplicate hosts file with iCalendar file type)
7 - Once you open hosts file, go to the end and paste the following text (Notice, it is similar to the existing ones)

127.0.0.1 www.stata.com

What this line does is telling the computer prohibit access to www.stata.com from any software

8 - Save the file and close it
9 - Check if you can access the site using your browser (eg. Chrome), you should see something like This site can’t be reached www.stata.com refused to connect.

Stata will as usual tries to connect to the website to look for updates, and after some time give you information it cannot do

10/10/2024

✓✓ Pareto Criterion of Social Welfare:
By Prof. R.K. Maheshwari >>>>>>>>

According to Prof. Baumol “any change which harms no one and which makes some people better off, this state of change must be considered to be an improvement.”

Suppose there are two persons A and B in a society and consume two goods X and Y. The various levels of their satisfaction by consuming various combinations of the two goods have been represented by their respective indifference curves.

In Figure 39.1, Oa and Ob are the origins for the utilities of two persons A and B respectively. Ia1, Ia2, Ia3, Ia4 and Ib1, Ib2, Ib3, Ib4 are their successively higher indifference curve. Suppose the initial distribution of goods X and Y between A and B is represented by point- K in the Edgeworth Box. Here K can be assumed as equilibrium point for both the persons in the initial stage.

Accordingly, individual A consumes OAG quantity of X + GK quantity of Y and is at the level of satisfaction represented by indifference curve Ia3. Similarly, individual B consumes KF quantity of X+ KE quantity of Y and gets the satisfaction represented by indifference curve Ib1. Thus the total given quantity of goods X and Y is distributed between A and B. In this distribution, individual A consumes relatively large quantity of good Y and individual B consumes more of good X. Now, it can be shown with the aid of Pareto’s welfare criterion that a movement from the point K to a point such as S or R or any other point in the shaded region will increase social welfare.

As shown in the diagram any change in the distribution pattern of two goods will definitely increase the satisfaction level of at least one person. If we move from K to S through redistribution of two goods between two individuals, it increases the level of satisfaction of A without any change in the satisfaction of B. Here A has been able to increase his satisfaction by moving to a higher indifference curve Ia4, whereas B remains on the same indifference curve Ib1 because K and S lie on same indifference curve Ib1 associated to B.

Thus, as a result of the movement from K to S, individual A has become better off whereas individual B is no worse off. Similarly, the movement from K to R is also desirable from the point of view of social welfare because in this individual B becomes better off without any change-in-the satisfaction of individual A. Therefore, both the positions S and R are better than K.

The tangency points of the various indifference curves of the two individuals of the society are the Pareto optimum points and the locus of these points is called ‘contract curve

23/08/2024

Research Gaps

በምርምርዎ ውስጥ የምርምር ክፍተቶችን ለመፃፍ ደረጃዎች ከዚህ በታች በጥናትዎ ላይ ያሉ የምርምር ክፍተቶችን እና የምርምር ክፍተቶችን በምርምር ፕሮፖዛልዎ፣ በመመረቂያዎ ወይም በምሳሌዎች በመታገዝ የአጻጻፍ ዘዴን ለመለየት የሚረዱዎት ደረጃዎች ናቸው።

1. ከቀደምት ምርምር የተወሰኑትን ተወያዩ
በቀደሙት ጽሑፎች ውስጥ ያሉትን ክፍተቶች ከመመርመርዎ በፊት በመጀመሪያ የተወሰኑትን ቀደምት ጥናቶች በጽሑፎቹ ውስጥ መጥቀስ አለብዎት ፣ ይህም የጥናቱን ልዩ ርዕስ የማይመለከት ነው። መዋጮዎቹ አስቀድመው ከተለዩት ተቃርኖዎች፣ ክፍተቶች እና ጉዳዮች ጋር የተያያዙ መሆን አለባቸው።

ባለፈው ጊዜ የተጠኑ የ____ የተለያዩ ገጽታዎች ነበሩ፣ ከእነዚህም መካከል
(1) (ከሁለት እስከ ሶስት መጣጥፎችን ጥቀስ)፣
(2) (ከሁለት እስከ ሶስት መጣጥፎችን ጥቀስ) እና
(3) (ከሁለት እስከ ሶስት መጣጥፎችን ጥቀስ)።

2. አስፈላጊ ክፍተቶችን መለየት
ቀጣዩ ደረጃ ተመራማሪዎች በሥነ ጽሑፍ ውስጥ ያሉ ጉልህ ክፍተቶችን፣ ተቃርኖዎችን ወይም ውዝግቦችን ማመላከት ነው። ይህ በጉዳዩ ላይ ተጨማሪ ምርመራ እንደሚያስፈልግ ለማሳየት ይረዳል. ይህ ተግባር በጊዜው ሊጠናቀቅ ይችላል። ነገር ግን፣ በተጨማሪም፣ ይህ ጥናት (የእርስዎን የጥናት ርዕስ ይጻፉ) በቅርቡ በሌሎች ዘርፎች ላይ የጥናት ፍላጎት ያሳደሩ በርካታ ያልተዳሰሱ ባህሪያትን ይሸፍናል (ከሁለት እስከ ሶስት ተዛማጅ ጽሑፎችን ጥቀስ)
በ _ አተያይ፣ ከእነዚህ ውስጥ ብዙዎቹ ያልተገለጹት ጉልህ እና ለምርመራ ብቁ ይመስላሉ። የእነዚህ ጉዳዮች ምርመራ አስፈላጊ ነው ምክንያቱም በተጨማሪም፣ የቀደመው ተጨባጭ ጥናት ዋና ርዕሰ ጉዳይ _ ነው። በ ላይ፣ በጣም ጥቂት ጥናቶች ተከናውነዋል።

3. የማጠቃለያ መግለጫ ይጻፉ ተመራማሪው የሚጽፈውን የእጅ ጽሑፍ ዓላማ እና ለዕውቀት አካል የሚያበረክተውን አስተዋጽኦ በግልፅ መግለጽ አለበት። በሥነ ጽሑፍ ውስጥ ክፍተቶችን፣ ቅራኔዎችን እና/ወይም መከራከሪያዎችን የሚለይ መግለጫው ምክንያታዊ በሆነ መንገድ ወደዚህ መግለጫ መግባት አለበት።

በቀደመው ምርምር እና ስነ-ጽሁፍ ውስጥ ተመራማሪው አራት ጉልህ ክፍተቶችን አግኝተዋል. በመጀመሪያ፣ ተመራማሪው በ _ ላይ ቀደም ባሉት ጥናቶች ውስጥ የንድፈ ሃሳባዊ ቀዳዳ የሚመስል ነገር አግኝተዋል። ቀደም ባለው ጥናት ውስጥ በርካታ የ____ ገጽታዎች ተሸፍነዋል፣
(1) _ (ከሁለት እስከ ሶስት ተዛማጅ ወረቀቶችን ጥቀስ)፣
(2) _ (ከሁለት እስከ ሶስት ተዛማጅ ጽሑፎችን ጥቀስ) እና _
(3) ን ጨምሮ። (ከሁለት እስከ ሶስት ተዛማጅ ጽሑፎችን ጥቀስ)።

ሁለተኛ፣ ቀደም ሲል የተደረጉ ምርምሮችን ከገመገሙ በኋላ የሕዝብ ልዩነት ይታያል። ከ_ ጋር ክፍተት አለ። ቀደም ባሉት ጥናቶች ውስጥ, ይህ የህዝብ ቡድን በቂ ያልሆነ ትኩረት አግኝቷል. በተጨማሪም በቅርብ ጊዜ ከተለያዩ መስኮች የምርምር ፍላጎት የሳቡ በርካታ ያልተዳሰሱ ልኬቶችን ያካትታል። (ከሁለት እስከ ሶስት ተዛማጅ ጽሑፎችን ጥቀስ)።

ሦስተኛ, ተመራማሪው ቀደም ሲል በተመረጠው ምርምር ውስጥ የእውቀት ክፍተት የሚመስለውን _. በተጨማሪም ከዚህ በፊት በተደረጉት የጥናት ውጤቶች ውስጥ ከርዕሰ ጉዳዩ ጋር የማይጣጣሙ አለመጣጣሞች እና ተቃርኖዎች አሉ።

በአመለካከት ከእነዚህ ያልተገኙ ቀደምሲል የተቃረበ መሆኑ በቀድሞዎቹ ጥናቶች ጠቃሚ እና ዋስትና ያለው ጥያቄ ይመስላሉ። የእነዚህ ችግሮች ምርመራ ወሳኝ ነው ምክንያቱም _።

በመጨረሻም ተመራማሪው ቀደም ባሉት ጥናቶች ውስጥ ተጨባጭ ክፍተት አግኝቷል. የቀደሙት ጽሑፎች ጥልቅ ምርምር የላቸውም። ቅድመ ጥናት በአብዛኛው ያተኮረው በ ላይ ነው። ጉዳዩን በበቂ ሁኔታ ለመገምገም የተደረገው በጣም ትንሽ ጥናት ነው። በ _ ውስጥ ያሉትን ክፍተቶች በመፍታት፣ በዚህ ጥናት ውስጥ ከፌዴራል መንግስት ጋር በአስተዳደር አፈጻጸም ላይ አዲስ ምርመራ ለማቅረብ ዓላማ እናደርጋለን።

04/08/2024

📌 How to do Pearson Correlation

ማንኛውም ጥናት በሚካሂድበት ወቅት ከመሰረታዊ የተዓማኒነት መመዘኛ መስፈርቶች መካከል ለጥናቱ የተሰበሰበው ዳታ እና ለጥናቱ የተመረጡት ማሳያዎች (Variables) ያላቸው የተጽኖ ደረጃ ምን ይመስላል የሚለውን ማረጋገጥ ነው፡፡

#ለምሳሌ፡- እድሜ ትዳር መመስረት ላይ ስላለው ተጽኖ ለማጥናት፡ እድሜ ትዳር የመመስረት ውሳኔን እንዴት እና በምን ያህል ጥልቀት ተጽኖ እንደሚፈጥርበት በቅድሚያ ማረጋገጥ ተገቢ ነው! ንጽጽሩ Chi Square test፤ Pearson correlation፤ ወዘተ ሊሆን ይችላል፡፡

በተለያዩ ቫሪያብሎች መካከል ስላለው ግንኙነት ለማረጋገጥ ከሚጠቅሙ የCorrelation Coefficient ስልቶች መካከል የተለመደውን Pearson correlation ብንመለከት……

SPSS ለምትጠቀሙ ሰዎች analysis በመግባት correlate ከሚለው ምርጫ ውስጥ bivariate correlations ብትከፍቱ ከሚመጡት ምርጫዎች ውስጥ ለማነጻጸር የምትፈልጉትን ሻሪያብሎች በመምረጥ Pearson correlation የሚለውን ትዛዝ ብትሰጡ የውጤት ቦክሱን ታገኛላችሁ፡፡

የCorrelation Coefficient ውጤት -1 እና 1 መካከል የሚመጣ ሲሆን፡ ውጤቱ 1 ከሆነ በሁለቱ ቫሪያብሎች መካከል ያለው ተጽኖ አወንታዊ መሆኑን ሲያሳይ፡ ውጤቱ -1 ከሆነ በሁለቱ ቫሪያብሎች መካከል ያለው ተጽኖ አሉታዊ መሆኑን ሲያሳይ፡ ውጤቱ 0 ከሆነ በሁለቱ ቫሪያብሎች መካከል ምንም ግንኙነት አለመኖሩን ያሳያል፡፡

#ለምሳሌ፡- በቅርቡ የተደረገው የነዳጅ ዋጋ ክለሳ የዋጋ ንረት ላይ ያለውን ተጽኖ ለማረጋገጥ ቢሞከር እና ውጤቱ ፖዘቲቭ ቢመጣ የነዳጅ ዋጋ ክለሳው የዋጋ ንረትን በቀጥታ ተጽኖ ይፈጥርበታል (የነዳጅ ዋጋ ክለሳው የነዳጅ ዋጋውን ሲጨምረው ዋጋ ንረቱ ተከትሎ ያድጋል)፡ ውጤቱ ኔጋቲቭ ቢመጣ የነዳጅ ዋጋ ክለሳው የዋጋ ንረትን አሉታዊ ተጽኖ ይፈጥርበታል (የነዳጅ ዋጋ ክለሳው የነዳጅ ዋጋውን ሲጨምረውም ዋጋ ንረቱ ይቀንሳል)፡ ውጤቱ 0 ቢመጣ የነዳጅ ዋጋ ክለሳው የዋጋ ንረትን አይጨምረውምም አይቀንሰውውም ማለት ነው፡፡

#ለምሳሌ፡- ውጤቱ ፖዘቲቭ ሆኖ በ0 እና በ1 መካከል ካረፈ የሚመጣው ውጤት ሲተነተን ከ0.8 እስከ 0.99 ከሆነ ጠንካራ እና ገላጭ ሲባል ውጤቱ 0.4 እስከ 0.6 መካከል ሲሆን መካከለኛ እንዲሁም ከ0.5 በታች ሲሆን ደካማ ተጽኖ አላቸው ይባላል፡፡

#ለምሳሌ፡- የነዳጅ ዋጋው ክለሳ ዋጋ ንረቱን በ0.9 ተጽኖ ማሳረፉን ካረጋገጥን መንግስት የነዳጅ ክለሳው ሊኖረው የሚችለውን ቀጥተኛ እና ጠንካራ የዋጋ ንረት ተጽኖ በመረዳት ማስተካከያ እንዲያደርግ ሊያመላክተው ይችላል፡፡

#ለምሳሌ፡- የባንኮች የቁጠባ ወለድ መጠን ከጠቅላላ የቁጠባ መጠን ጋር ያለው ግንኙነት የPearson correlation ውጤት 0.2 ቢሆን የባንኮች ወለድ ሰዎች እንዲቆጥቡ የማድረግ አቅሙ ቀጥተኛ ነገር ግን ዝቅተኛ ተጽኖ መሆኑን ለማረጋገጥ ይቻላል፡፡

የPearson correlation ውጤት በቁጥር ወይም በግራፍ (የግራፎች መግለጫ ነጠብጣብ ወይም መስመር ተደርጎ ሊወጣ ይችላል!) ሊገለጽ ይችላል፡፡

ከታች ስላለው ግራፍ

የመጀመሪያዎቹ ግራፎች የሚያሳዩት መስመሮቹ አግድም ከሆኑ ተጽኖው አሉታዊ እና እጅግ በጣም ጠንካራ መሆኑን ሲያሳይ (ቁጥራዊ ውጤቱ ኔጋቲቭ 1 ቢሆን)፡ ሁለተኛው ግራፍ መስመሩ የሚያሳየው ጠንካራ እና አሉታዊ (ቁጥራዊ ውጤቱ ኔጋቲቭ ከ0.1 እስከ 0.9 ቢሆን) እንደማለት ነው፡፡

ሶስተኛው ግራፍ መስመሩ የሚያሳየው ጠንካራ እና አወንታዊ (ቁጥራዊ ውጤቱ ከ0.1 እስከ 0.9 ቢሆን)፡ አራተኛው ግራፍ መስመሮቹ ቀጥተኛ ከሆኑ (Linear relationship) ተጽኖው አወንታዊ እና እጅግ በጣም ጠንካራ መሆኑን ሲያሳይ (ቁጥራዊ ውጤቱ ፖዘቲቭ 1 ቢሆን)፡ አምስተኛው ግራፍ በቫሪያብሎች መካከል ምንም ተጽኖ ያለመኖሩን ያሳያል (ቁጥራዊ ውጤቱ 0 ቢሆን

27/07/2024

NULL HYPOTHESIS vs ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

In statistical hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative hypothesis (H1 or Ha) are two competing statements about a population parameter or the relationship between variables.

The null hypothesis represents the absence of an effect, while the alternative hypothesis suggests that there is a difference, relationship, or effect present.
More specifically:

1. Null Hypothesis (H0):

The null hypothesis assumes that there is no significant difference or relationship between variables, or that any observed difference is due to chance.

It is often stated as a statement of equality, such as

"there is no difference" or
"the mean is equal to a specific value.
"there is no effect.. "
"there is no association..."

Example

If the research question is:-

Does a new teaching method improve students' test scores?"

The Ho would be:-

There is no significant difference in test scores between students who receive the new teaching method and those who do not."

Researchers generally try to disprove the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis.

2. Alternative Hypothesis (H1 or Ha):

The alternative hypothesis is the statement that contradicts or opposes the null hypothesis.

It suggests that there is a significant difference or relationship between variables, or

that the observed difference is not due to chance.

It can be directional (one-sided) or non-directional (two-sided).

A directional alternative hypothesis specifies the direction of the expected effect
"the mean is greater than"
"the mean is less than"

while a non-directional alternative hypothesis simply states that there is a difference or relationship without specifying the direction. Or
the mean is different...

Example

If the research question is:-

"Does a new teaching method improve students' test scores?"

The alternative (Ha) would be stated:-

Directional alternative hypothesis:

"Students who receive the new teaching method will have significantly higher test scores compared to those who do not."

Non-directional alternative hypothesis:

"There is a significant difference in test scores between students who receive the new teaching method and those who do not."

But you don't state as directional or non directional alternative hypotheses in your research.

Which hypothesis can I use?

In choosing which hypothesis to state in your study, it depends on your research question or objective.

If you have a specific expectation or a prior belief about the direction of the effect, you may choose a directional alternative hypothesis.

On the other hand, if you simply want to determine whether there is a difference or relationship between variables without specifying a direction, a non-directional alternative hypothesis would be appropriate.

Moreover, You may or may not state both null and alternative hypotheses for similar research questions in your research.

However, in many research studies, the alternative hypothesis tends to be of more interest because it represents the claim or effect that the researcher wants to establish or support.

The researcher rejects the null hypothesis if the p value is significant (P‹ 0.5)

26/07/2024

MIXED RESEARCH METHODS

ውድ የቻናላችን ቤተሰቦች ዛሬ ስለ MIXED RESEARCH METHOD ዋና ዋና ነገሮችን እንመልከት ።

✅Mixed research በመጀመሪያ በSocial science/Educational Science በብዛት የሚተገበር ቢሆንም አሁን ግን በhealth science ዘርፍም በብዛት ይጠቀሙበታል ።

✅Mixed research ማለት በአንድ ጥናታዊ ጽሁፍ ውስጥ ሁለት መንገዶችን (Qualitative ና quantitative)በአንድ ላይ ስንጠቀምበት ነው።

♻️ይህም ሁለቱን እኩል(parallel)ወይም ተራ በተራ (sequential) በmixed research design መሰራት መጠቀም እንችላለን

❓ይህንን የreseach አይነት በብዛት በማስተርስ እና በፒ.ኤች.ዲ የትምህርት ደረጃ የሚጠቀሙበት ሲሆን በመጀመሪያ ዲግሪ ግን በብዛት አይመከርም።

❓ሁለት የተለያዩ የreseach መንገዶችን በአንድ ላይ ለመጠቀም ከሌሎቹ በተለየ መንገድ ጥንቃቄ እና እውቀት ሊጠይቅ ይችላል።

🥴በተለምዶ ሰዎች ሁለቱንም( qualitativeና quantitative መንገድ እጠቀማለሁ ስሉ እንሰማለን። ነገር ግን የmixed method ትክክለኛ መንገድ ሳይከተሉ መቅረት በመጨረሻ ላይ ለችግር ያጋልጣል ።

👇ትክክለኛ mixed method core characteristics የሚከተሉት ናቻው።

1⃣ ከmixed methods ውስጥ የትኛውን Design እንደምትጠቀሙ መግለጽ ይኖርባችኋል። (concurrent triangulation, Sequential or embaded)

ይህም ብቻ አይደለም ለእያንደንዱ የትኛውን Design እንደምትጠቀሙ መግላጽ ያስፈልጋል ።
💠Qualitative (phenomenology, ethnography,..etc)
💠Quantitative (Cross sectional, Experimental, cohort... Etc)
ተብሎ ሊገለጽ ይገባል ።

2⃣ ለሁሉቱም (qualitative & quantitative) ትክክለኛ methodology መከተል ያስፈልጋል ። Data collection method & materials, sample size, data analysis, ለሁለቱም በተገቢው መንገድ ሊብራራ ይገባል። ይህም ለሁለቱም ለየብቻ መብራራ/መተንተን ይኖርበታል።

3⃣በሁለቱን መንገድ የተሰበሰበው Data (መረጃ) Analize መድረግ ያስፈልጋል። ለሁለቱም ለየብቻ Analysis መስራት ያስፈልጋል።

4⃣ከሁለቱም የተገኛውን results ከግምት በማስገባት discussion ላይ መግለጽ ያስፈልጋል። ይህም የአንዱ result የሌለውን ይደግፈል ወይም አይደግፍም የሚለው ዋና የmixed method አላማ ነው። ከሁለቱም የተገኘውን ውጤት Triangulate ማድረግ ያስፈልጋል፣ ይህ የማይሆን ከሆነ mixed methods ፈይዳ የለውም።

⁉️ነገር ግን በጥናቱ የምትጠቀሙበት mixed study design የሚወሰን ይሆናል። ምክንያቱም ለ Sequential እና ለ convergent ወይም ለ embaded ተመሳሳይ አይነት መንገድ አትከተሉም፣ Methodology አጻጻፍም በተወሰነ መልኩ

09/11/2022

09/11/2022

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