Dr.Hagazy Veterinary Clinic

30/11/2019

If we are to fight discrimination and injustice against women we must start from the home for if a woman cannot be safe in her own house then she cannot be expected to feel safe anywhere.

09/09/2019

14/01/2019

poultry vaccination program!!!!!!!

09/05/2018

DAIRY BUSINESS CONSTRUCTION PLANNING FOR 10 - 15
COWS
Any cattle farming business when done in proper and in
scientifically manner with effective business plan leads to
success. Mostly in every part of Ethiopia cattle farmers are
having lack of knowledge and also they are not aware of the
latest methodology and technique due to which they are not
succeeding in this business. In order to practically guide and
help those who are novice or newbie in dairy farming and have
keen interest to start dairy farm business in a profitable way,
check this.
Thus, do remember that before stepping into this dairy farming
business firstly you should mentally prepared that you are
going to dedicate your full effort and time to this and special attention should be maintained throughout.
Dairy Farming Business Planning (For 10 – 15 Cows)
what are the basic requirement of Dairy farming in Ethiopia?
- Proper shed construction.
- Surplus area of land for cultivation of green fodder (1-2 acre
of land is sufficient for 15 cows)
- Adequate water supply
- Good breed of cows (High yielding cows HF,Jersey
etc)
- Fodder management (Dry fodder , green fodder and
concentrate)
- Labour
- Proper vaccination schedule
Shed Construction
Well spacious and hygienic shed for cattle is needed for their
good health. Let us take an example of 10 cows. It is
scientifically recommended that 1 cow should have 7ft x 11 ft
area and it also varies depending upon the size of animal. For
10 cows roughly we will construct 80 ft x 12ft of cow shed.
Cow shed are basically of two types :
- Closed housing
- Open housing
Open housing are not considered these days as we keep high
milk yield animals which needs extra care. So generally we
should use closed housing system.
Closed housing is further classified in two arrangements:
- Head to Head Arrangement
- Tail to Tail Arrangement.
In head to head arrangement animal feeder or menzer is
constructed in between the shed with a separation wall in
between so that the cow can be fed from both sides facing
head to head each other.
On the other hand in tail to tail arrangement Feeder or menzer
is constructed on either side of the shed so the cows are fed
in tail to tail position.
Head to Head Arrangement is more ideal because it costs less
as compare to tail to tail arrangement. In this arrangement
feeder or menzer is one in between the shed.
Shed should be in some elevated area to avoid rainfall water
to come inside. Special attention should be given in the
flooring. The floor must be made of bricks and cement with
proper inclination so that the urine or excrete can drain easily.
Proper Drainage system should be there to drain the urine on
either side of the shed to avoid the stagnation.
So for shed construction choose area which has proper light
and sun with little elevation from normal ground level. For
construction use cement and bricks and asbestos sheet can
be used as the roof of the shed.
Electricity and proper water supply is also needed for the high
yield cows such as HF and jersey fan and cooler is also
necessary during summer season.
Fodder Management
Cattle health mainly depends upon the type and nutritional
facts of the fodder. High milk yield cows must be given 1kg of
concentrate in 2.5ltr of milk yield. If a cow yields 10 ltrs of
milk then scientifically they should be provide with 4 kg of
concentrate with mineral mixture. In fodder management we
should know that there are three types of fodder what we give
to the cattle.
- Dry fodder
- Green fodder
- Concentrate and mineral mixture.
Dry fodder:- Generally the dry fodder constitutes 2/3rd of the
supplements.
Green fodder :- green fodder play vital role in animals health as
it provides the essential nutrients required for good milk yield.
We must have surplus area of land preferably 2 acre for 15
cows for green fodder cultivation.
Green fodder are basically leguminous crops they are gram,
maize, etc. They are rich in protein and hence increase the fat
percentage in the milk.
Mineral mixture :- It is essential that minerals concentrate
given to the cattle to overcome the mineral deficiency. It is
also required for the good health of the cattle.
So for ideal food for the 1 cow should be in precise proportion
of dry fodder , green fodder and mineral mixture with
concentrate.
Adequate water supply :-
Proper water supply is very much needed for the cattle to
drink, cleaning of cow and shed etc.
Breed selection of cow :-
Right breed selection is very much important in the dairy
farming. As the profit is totally dependent on the milk yield of
the cow. For breed selection we must take care of the breed
which is adapted to our climatic condition and their milk
yielding capability. For this we suggest the cross breed of
Holstein fresian(HF) with sahiwal. Or Jersey with sahiwal.

08/12/2017

OBSERVING BASIC HEALTH PARAMETERS IN CATTLE
• Breathing frequency - (Breathing in + breathing out) is 10-30
times per minute in normal adults and 30-50 times per minute
in calves. Observed best from the animal’s right flank, seen
from behind.
• Rumination - Not less than 40 times per minute and 7-10
hours per day.
• Rumen movement - Two to three per minute, can be felt by
pressing lightly on the upper part of the left flank.
• Appearance - A healthy animal has a shining, smooth and
even coat as well as shiny horns and hoofs. Eyes should also
be normal without discharge or tears and muzzle moist.
• Fever - Usually accompanied by rapid breathing, shivering
and occasionally diarrhoea.
Ears, horns and legs are usually cold to touch while body is
too warm.

07/12/2017

GENERAL SIGNS TO OBSERVE FOR IN HEALTHY ANIMALS
DURING PURCHASE
* Eyes: bright, clear and not runny (no discharge), crusty or
bloodshot.
* Nose: cool, moist muzzle, with frequent licking; breathing
should be regular and not laboured; beware of discharge,
coughing, wheezing or irregular breathing.
* Coat: Glossy, clean and un-matted, free of ticks/lice, other
parasites or eruptions.
* Weight: Average weight for the breed; beware of emaciated
or thin animals.
* Attitude: Curious, alert and contented; beware of cattle that
stand apart from the herd, that seem disinterested or that
show signs of a bad temper.
* Mobility: Walking should be easy and free of limps; beware of
slow or uneven gaits or hunched positions when sitting; the
animal should be able to rise from seated positions with ease.
* Udder: Healthy; size isn’t necessarily an indicator of a good
udder. It should sit forward with prominent milk veins, not sag
and not be too meaty. Observe the cow when she walks, the
udder should not show too much sideways movement.
* Body score: This is an important indicator of the health of
the animal. An animal in good health will have a body score
between 3-4.
* History: It is important to have a record of the detailed
history of the animal on number of calvings, recorded milk
yield during previous lactation, any specific disease occurrence
like mastitis, prolapse of uterus, ROP, dystocia, hypocalcaemia
etc.
* Age : Though not directly related to health, the farmer should
also ensure the age of the animal by referring to its dentition.
Transportation of animals
* All steps should be taken to avoid stress while
transportation. Adequate water, space, feed, water and rest
should be provided at regular intervals while transporting,
since stress predisposes to various diseases. The flooring
should be provided with some bedding material.

07/12/2017

MANAGEMENT OF WORM INFESTATION IN DAIRY CATTLE
* Worms are parasites that usually live inside the digestive
tract of the host, feeding on tissue fluids or blood of the
animal. Worms may also be found in lungs, nasal passage, eye
etc.
* Eggs are passed through the faeces which contaminate
pasture, feed or water sources. Some cause disease in
humans also.
* There are basically four types of worms : (i) Round worms
and (ii) Tapeworms-found in the digestive tract; (iii) Flukes-
found in the rumen and liver and (iv) Schistosomes – found
inside blood vessels. (See figure below)
* Different treatment regimens are required based on the type
of the worm.
SYMPTOMS OF WORM INFESTATION
* Diarrheoa, delayed age at maturity, reduction in growth rate
and milk production, lower reproductive, draft and feed
conversion efficiencies, lower disease resistance, anaemia
etc.
* In amphistome (rumen and liver fluke) infestation, severe
foetid diarrhoea and sub-mandibular oedema (bottle-jaw) may
be seen.
* Jaundice may be seen in liver fluke infestation.
yy In tapeworm infestation, pot-belly and moving small white
segments in faeces maybe seen. It may also cause intestinal
obstruction due to its length.
* Hookworm (type of round worm that sucks blood) and
schistosome infestation may cause severe anaemia and
bloody diarrhoea.
* Thick nasal discharge, snoring and shortness of breath may
be seen in nasal schistosome infestation. Cough is seen in
lungworm (type of round worm in lung) infestation.
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
* First dewormer dose to calves to be given between 10-14
days of age and repeated monthly till 6 months of age.
* Administer dewormer to all animals above 6 months of age
twice a year, once at the beginning and another at the end of
the rainy season. Ensure administration on the back of
the tongue rather than into the mouth to avoid rumen bypass.
* Adopt deworming on a mass scale to reduce the egg load of
worms in the soil.
* Pregnant animals should also be dewormed twice, 1st dose
near its calving time and the 2nd dose around 6-7 weeks after
calving.
* If the animal is not responding to treatment, get the dung of
the animal examined by a veterinarian to determine the type of
worm and provide appropriate drug as advised.
* In areas with snail population (water-logged etc), flukes and
schistosomes may be suspected, since snails are involved in
completion of its lifecycle.
* To avoid drug resistance, do not administer the same drug
repeatedly.

28/09/2017

The Stepwise Approach towards Rabies
Elimination (SARE) tool was developed through a
joint effort of the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) of the United Nations and the
Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC), to
provide a standard mechanism for countries to
assess their rabies situation and measure
progress in eliminating the disease. Because the
African continent has the highest per capita
death rate from rabies, and Ethiopia is estimated
to have the second largest number of rabies
deaths of all African countries, Ethiopia
undertook a self-assessment by means of the
Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination
(SARE) tool. In February 2016, the Ethiopian
government hosted an intersectoral consultative
meeting in an effort to assess the progress that
has been made towards the control and
elimination of canine rabies. The SARE
assessment identified a number of critical gaps,
including poor inter-sectoral collaboration and
limited availability and access to dog vaccine,
while the existence of a surveillance system for
rabies and legislation for outbreak declaration
and response were among the strengths
identified. The SARE tool enabled key criteria to
be prioritized, thereby accelerating the National
Strategy and ensuring that Ethiopia will progress
rapidly in line with the goals set by the global
community for the elimination of human rabies
deaths by 2030. Although the analysis showed
that Ethiopia is still in the early stages of rabies
control (Stage 0.5/5), the country shows great
promise in terms of developing a SARE-guided
National Rabies Prevention and Control Strategy.