06/10/2025
In his speech at the Scotland Investment Summit, the Governor of the Bank of England, Andrew Bailey, calls for a supportive environment for investment to drive innovation and economic growth, particularly in the context of emerging technologies like AI.
He highlights the importance of pragmatic policy frameworks, strong infrastructure and welcomes reforms to mobilise institutional investment into high-potential UK businesses.
My favourite extracts from the speech:
"What really drives the growth of economies? Two things drive growth in the capacity of economies (the supply side), the available labour force, and productivity (the efficiency with which that labour force produces things).
Of these two, it is productivity that drives living standards forward, so it matters a lot. And, investment does a lot to drive productivity – reflecting innovation and the putting to work of ideas and inventions.... Investment isn’t just good for business, its good for the economy, the country and the public.
What drives investment and productivity then? Lots of things shape and affect them, but history strongly suggests that really to move the dial – to do more than affect an incremental change - takes a breakthrough in so-called General Purpose Technology, or GPT for short. By the way, that’s not ChatGPT, which stands for Generative Pre-Trained Transformer, just to confuse things. Rather, in history, examples of GPTs are things like the steam engine (where Greenock’s James Watt was instrumental), electricity, and most recently the Internet. Their significance is that these technologies lead to economy-wide growth, re-shaping industries and markets. They spread out into many sectors of the economy, and for some quite extended period of time they keep developing and improving productivity, and they create an environment in which one innovation leads to another.
Why does this matter today? It matters a lot, because the evidence would suggest that across many economies, the UK included, we are in one of those periods of waiting for the next GPT to come along and lift economic growth. Of course, many other things determine actual economic growth, but in terms of the growth of potential and living standards, productivity matters a lot. And behind that sits investment.
The benefits of such technological shifts can, however, take some time to come through, hence the rather famous quote from the economist Robert Solow who said in 1987, “You can see the computer age everywhere but in the productivity statistics”. Give it time was the lesson from this era – though that does not mean waiting to invest, lest we miss our chance. The other thing to say is that technological impacts on the productivity growth rate are not permanent – they can have a permanent effect on the level of activity and what we do day-to-day, but innovations have a life cycle in terms of their contribution to growth rates. And then, we have to wait for the next GPT to come along." - Governor Bank of England
(GPT not ChatGPT).
Given at the Scotland Global Investment Summit 2025