16/04/2025
The Supreme Court today made a landmark decision on the Equality Act 2010 (“EA”), which protects people from discrimination in the UK. The campaign group For Women Scotland took action against the Scottish government over the definition of “women” in the Gender Reassignment Act 2004 (“GRA”) as it included transgender women. The case tested legally for the first time whether someone with a gender recognition certificate (“GRC”) who identifies as female should be treated as a “woman” under the EA.
The Supreme Court decided that the terms “woman” and “s*x” in the EA refer to a biological woman and biological s*x. The Court also ruled that having a GRC doesn’t change a person’s legal s*x under the EA.
There remain separate protections in the EA for gender reassignment and s*xual orientation. The Court decided that conflating these characteristics with those of someone with a GRC would create two sub-groups who share the protected characteristic of gender reassignment, incorrectly giving greater rights to those with a GRC. The ruling doesn’t affect the rights of trans people not to be discriminated against due to gender reassignment under the EA though. They can still bring claims for direct and indirect discrimination, harassment and victimisation due to associative and perceived discrimination.
This ruling has huge consequences for how single s*x spaces and services work in the UK. The Court gave several examples in its judgment including counselling for r**e and domestic violence, female-only hospital wards and changing rooms, refuges, r**e crisis centres, finding that trans women with a GRC can be excluded from these spaces or services where it is proportionate to do so. Therefore a woman using such services could reasonably object to a transgender woman using those services too even if they have a GRC. Equally a man using single s*x services could reasonably object to a transgender man with a GRC using those services because, under the ruling, the transgender man is not a biological man for the purposes of the EA.
The Supreme Court’s decision reinforces that whilst the GRA allows individuals to change their legal gender, this does not affect the legal meaning of s*x in the EA, keeping a clear distinction between gender reassignment and biological s*x under discrimination law.
This decision will also affect an ongoing tribunal case involving a female NHS nurse who objected to a transgender doctor using a female changing room, and employers will have to approach these scenarios differently and review their equality policies in light of this decision going towards.
The landmark ruling could have major implications for how s*x-based rights apply across Scotland, England and Wales.