02/02/2024
“This year, World Wetlands Day reminds us that our health is dependent on the health of wetlands, because wetlands are these great wonders of nature, perfectly balanced systems that perform absolutely vital functions for us and for nature. They store water during times of drought, absorb water during floods, filter pollutants and they help to provide clean drinking water and water for crops.” - Inger Andersen, Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme
Wetlands – locations where water meets land, including marshes, floodplains, peatlands, swamps, estuaries, mangroves, lagoons and coral reefs - are dynamic habitats that are facing significant threats from the expansion of human activities, including farming and other industries. The decline of wetland areas is occurring at an alarming rate, disappearing three times faster than forests, according to the IPBES assessment. In the twentieth century, wetland conversion and loss were almost four times faster than before, with losses of up to 70 percent of wetlands in 1900. Thousands of hectares were drained to provide agriculture, industry, and housing land.
Globally, humankind has treated wetlands as wastelands, dumping tons of sewage, industrial waste, fertilisers, pesticides, and other nasty things into these precious habitats. With over 40 percent of the world’s species reliant in some way on wetlands—including amphibians, crustaceans, and a variety of birds—the loss of these places is forcing many species to the brink of extinction.
Take for example the far-reaching impact of London’s ecological footprint on its estuary environment. Its effects are starkly visible, especially in Essex, where once wild and stunning marshlands have been filled with London’s waste, industry, and agriculture over the last four hundred years, reducing 30,000 hectares (74,000 acres) of thriving intertidal salt marsh to a struggling 2,500 hectares (6,200 acres). A colossal loss on many counts.
Unfortunately, the beauty and value of these messy coastal habitats have been and still are, misunderstood. Not only are they a haven for wildlife—teeming with a myriad of species within their thick herbaceous vegetation, mud, and waters—but a source of livelihood and food for local communities. Importantly, they are incredibly effective carbon sinks—soaking up our excessive emissions—and robust and adaptable flood barriers. They protect the land like an absorptive cushion from the wave action of increasing storm surges and flooding.
Landscape initiatives, such as the Sponge City project in China, offer exciting possibilities to restore wetlands on a grand scale. Our strategic landscape work in South Essex espouses a similar restorative approach to rehabilitating these essential habitats at a regional scale in the Thames Estuary (as shown in the image).