26/06/2020
TAXATION OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND UNIVERSITIES
Background: Section 11 is a popular section for claiming exemption from income tax among the non-government charitable trusts and institutions. Most of the charitable trusts, big or small are registered u/s 12AA of the Act and claim exemption u/s 11. While the exemptions available u/s 11 are general and available to all the charitable organisations, Section 10(23C) of the Act is a specific exemption available to certain Government and non-government universities and educational institutions.
By way of this note, we will analyse the conditions prevalent for claiming of exemption by Government and non-government educational institutions.
A. Government Educational Institutions: Income received by any university or educational institution existing solely for educational purposes and not for purposes of profit, and which is wholly or substantially financed by the Government is fully exempt from tax vide Section 10(23C)(iiiab). Hence, a Government educational institution is fully exempt from income tax without any separate approvals etc. as long as it is not for profit purpose.
B. Non-government Educational Institutions: The exemption for non-government (private) educational institutions depends upon the aggregate annual receipts of the university / educational institution.
1) Educational Institutions with annual receipts up to Rs. 1 crore: Section 10(23C)(iiiad) provides that the income earned by any university or educational institution existing solely for educational purposes and not for the purposes of profit shall be exempt from tax if the aggregate annual receipts of such university or educational institution do not exceed Rs. 1 crore.
Thus, an educational institution having receipts upto Rs. 1 crore can claim full exemption under the above clause without requiring a separate approval or registration.
Here it is important to note that the term “annual receipts” has not been defined under the law. Keeping in mind the intention of the provisions, annual receipts should mean receipts from the various fees and charges collected by the institution. It can also include the receipts from donations.
2) Educational Institutions with annual receipts exceeding Rs. 1 crore: Exemption in the case of an educational institution having receipts exceeding Rs. 1 crore is governed by Section 10(23C)(vi) which states that income earned by any university or other educational institution existing solely for educational purposes and not for purposes of profit, other than those mentioned in sub-clause (iiiab) or sub-clause (iiiad), shall be exempt if they are approved by the prescribed authority. Thus, where the aggregate receipts of the institution exceeds Rs. 1 crore, the institution needs a separate approval for claiming the exemption u/s 10(23C).
The Application for approval is required to be made in Form No. 56D along with the necessary supporting documents before the Commissioner of Income Tax (Exemptions). Like the approval u/s 12AA, the approval u/s 10(23C) is also available indefinitely unless it is rescinded by the authorities.
There are some further conditions prescribed for an educational institution having receipts in excess of Rs. 1 crore. The third proviso to Section 10(23C) provides for the following two conditions:
i) Spend minimum 85%: The educational institution shall apply (spend) its income wholly and exclusively to the objects for which it is established. Further, the institution shall apply at least 85% of the income every year. Thus, just registration u/s 10(23C) by itself does not result in full exemption. The institution shall spend at least 85% of total income in order to claim full exemption. It may be noted that the institution is allowed to retain up to 15% of total income without any conditions.
In case the income applied falls short of the said 85%, the institution can accumulate such excess income for application in subsequent year(s) not exceeding five years. For example-
Gross Income : Rs. 2,00,00,000/-
85% of the Gross Income : Rs. 1,70,00,000/-
Actual Amount Spent : Rs. 1,40,00,000/-
In this case, the shortfall of Rs. 30,00,000/- can be accumulated by the institution which can be spent in the subsequent five years.
However, the accumulated amounts are required to be spent by the institution on its own and it cannot spent the same by way of donations (corpus or otherwise) to any trust registered u/s 12AA or any other institution claiming exemption u/s 10(23C).
From the above, it is clear that the provisions are similar to the one available u/s 11 to the Trusts registered u/s 12AA. The only difference here seems to be that there is no need to pass a trustees’ resolution to accumulate the income and no need to file a separate Form and specify the purpose of accumulation (unlike Form No. 10 in the case of 12AA registered trusts).
ii) Investments: The second condition is that the institution shall invest its money only in the modes specified u/s 11(5). This is once again similar to the provisions applicable to a trust registered u/s 12AA.
iii) Other Conditions:
a) Income Tax Return: By virtue of 139(4C) every educational institution referred to in sub-clause (iiiad) or sub-clause (vi) of Section 10(23C) whose total income, without giving effect to the provisions of section 10, exceeds the maximum amount which is not chargeable to income-tax, shall furnish a return of income. Therefore, if the total receipts of the institution exceeds Rs. 2,50,000/-, it shall file the return of income. The Form of ITR is ITR-7, the same as applicable to a Section 12AA registered Trust.
b) Audit: Proviso no. 10 to Section 10(23C) provides that where the total income of the institution, without giving effect to the provisions of this section, exceeds the maximum amount which is not chargeable to tax in any previous year, such institution shall get its accounts audited and furnish along with the return of income for the relevant assessment year, the report of such audit Form No. 10BB. Therefore, if the total receipts of the institution exceeds Rs. 2,50,000/-, it shall file the return of income.
c) Corpus Donations to other Trusts: Proviso no. 12 to the Section 10(23C) further provides that any amount credited or paid out of income of any university or educational institution to any trust or institution registered under section 12AA, being a corpus donation shall not be treated as application of income to the objects for which such university or educational institution is established. Therefore, the educational institutions registered u/s 10(23C)(vi) are barred from giving corpus donations to other Trusts registered u/s 12AA.
d) Other Provisions: Applicability of other provisions like deduction of tax at Source (TDS) on expenses are fully applicable to an educational institution. Therefore, an educational institution is required to deduct tax from payments, wherever required, in order to claim the amount as application of income.
Conclusion: From the above discussion, it is clear that the exemption provisions of Section 10(23C) and Section 11 are more or less similar. Both have similar conditions and requirements for claiming the exemption. However, Section 10(23C) has less requirements when it comes to accumulation of income i.e. there is no need to file a separate Form and no need to specify the purposes of accumulation.
Disclaimer: The above analysis is based on the current position of the income tax laws and our understanding of the same. The income tax laws are subject to frequent changes and the foregoing analysis may need to be updated with subsequent changes in the law.
Taxation of Educational Institutions under GST
1. What were pre-GST laws laid down for Educational Institutions
Services provided by an educational institution to its students or faculty or staff were exempt. (Mega Exemption -Notification Number ST-25/2012 dated 20/06/2012)
Later the exemption in relation to services provided to educational institutions was modified with effect from 01-04-2014 and scope of the exemption for services provided to the Educational Institutions (Institution providing pre-school education and education up to higher secondary school or equivalent) was restricted to some specified services namely-
1. Transportation of students, faculty and staff
2. Catering, including any mid-day meals scheme sponsored by the Government;
3. Security services performed in such educational institution
4. Cleaning services performed in such educational institution
5. House-keeping services performed in such educational institution
6. Services relating to admission to, or conduct of examination by, such institution
Any other service provided apart from those mentioned above to educational institution (Institution providing pre-school education and education up to higher secondary school or equivalent) was taxable
Also, any service provided to an institution other than Institution providing pre-school education and education up to higher secondary school or equivalent was taxable.
2. What is an Educational Institution under GST?
Under GST, “educational institution” is defined as an institution providing services by way of:
• Pre-school education and education up to higher secondary school or equivalent;
• Education as a part of a curriculum for obtaining a qualification recognized by any law for the time being in force;
• Education as a part of an approved vocational education course;
3. Are Educational Services considered as Supply and its Taxability
Taxable supply means a supply of goods or services or both which is leviable to tax under GST;The following services provided by an educational institution to its students, faculty and staff or to an educational institution are not required to be taxed under GST.
Transportation of students, faculty and staff;
Catering, including any mid-day meals scheme sponsored by the Central Government, State Government or Union territory;
Security or cleaning or house-keeping services performed in such educational institution;
Services relating to admission to, or conduct of examination by, such institution up to higher secondary:
Provided that any service provided to an educational institution other than an institution providing services by way of pre-school education and education up to higher secondary school or equivalent is treated as a taxable service.
4. Exemptions available to Institutions
1. Income from education is wholly exempt from GST if a charitable trust is running a school, college or education institution for abandoned, orphans, homeless children, physically or mentally abused persons, prisoners or persons over the age of 65 years or above residing in a rural area.
2. Government or local authority or governmental authority carrying on the activity of education is exempted from GST as this is not included in the ambit of supply of services. For Example – Government schools / Municipal schools.
3. Education provided by below are also Exempted Under GST:
a. National skill development corporation set up by the Indian government
b. National skill development corporation approved sector skill councils
c. National skill development corporation approved assessment agencies
d. The national skill development programs approved by NSDC Vocational skill development program approved under national skill certification and monetary reward scheme
e. Any scheme implemented by NSDC with training partners
4. Exemption has also been granted to the services provided by the IIM–
a. 2 year full-time residential PG programs in Management for Post Graduate Diploma in Management, admission in which is granted via CAT
b. Fellowship programs in Management
c. 5 Year Integrated Programs in management studies (but excludes the Executive Development Program).
5. Should educational institutions be registered under GST?
• Where the educational institution is providing only education as a service then such fees are chargeable at NIL rate and such educational institutions are not required to be registered.
• Where educational institutions are also providing other supplies or other services, i.e., providing books to students, providing shoes or uniforms etc to students then in such cases such institutions are liable to get themselves registered.
6. Applicability of GST on Higher Educational Institutions
Services provided to higher educational institutions are taxable. While services provided by an educational institution are out of the GST ambit, the same is not the case with services provided to an educational institution.
The GST exemption on procurements is available only to schools (from pre-school up to higher secondary school or its equivalent). Hence, the ‘input’ or supply of services such as transportation, catering, housekeeping, services relating to admission or conduct of examination to higher educational institutions will bear GST levy. This will have to be borne by the higher educational institution.
7.Applicability of GST on Training programs, camps, yoga programs and other events
Training programs, camps, yoga programs and other events would be considered a commercial activity, liable for GST.
8. Whether books or stationery distributed to students covered under GST?
Uniform, stationery, and other non-academic related supplies are taxable under GST. Supplies provided by third parties like the musical instrument, computers, sports equipment and after-school activities offered directly by third parties are also taxable.
Supply of books is exempt under GST.
9. Chargeability of GST on Private Coaching centres and Distance Education
1. Private institution and coaching centres do not have any specific curriculum and do not conduct any examination or award any qualification. Hence taxable at the rate of 18 percent.
2. Distance Education is taken up generally for higher education and hence taxable at the rate of 18 percent.
The importance of education in India can’t be undermined due to the majority of the population below 25 years of age. Due to the large population and poverty, Education should easily be available at less cost. Implementation of GST has led to rise in the cost of the higher education and Distance Education.
When schools were considered and exempted from GST, the government had to give the same consideration to HEIs as well, which would have avoided such a situation.
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