05/06/2026
搭上全球科技與綠能浪潮：新墨西哥州技術創新與設備更替之戰略擘畫
當前，全球正在經歷一波高科技供應鏈重組與淨零碳排的浪潮，各國地方政府如何引導傳統產業轉型，並同時建立未來技術獨立自主能力，已經成為十分關鍵的施政考驗，而新墨西哥州在推動現代化產業轉型的進程中也已然展示極具前瞻視野的規劃。有鑑於本州長期面臨財政收入高度仰賴石油與天然氣開採易受國際市場價格波動影響的缺陷，本州政府近年來決心將施政重心轉向多元化、低碳排與技術密集的實體產業 。本篇報導作為《新墨西哥州投資獎勵政策》三部曲的終章，我們將聚焦於與技術研發、設備更新與綠色能源相關的四大核心政策，詳細為各位介紹我們是如何透過《生產設備投資稅額抵免》（MITC）、《科技產業研發職位稅額抵免》（TJTC）、《替代能源設備稅額抵免》（AEPMTC）以及《再生能源生產稅額抵免》（REPTC）為企業開路以及為本州經濟注入強大的研發與轉型活力。
如果我們深入分析便得以發現，新墨西哥州之所以能夠催生出頂尖高科技產業，必須歸功我們擁有整個聯邦獨一無二的學術研究歷史脈絡。本州擁有全美最受矚目的兩大聯邦國家實驗室桑迪亞國家實驗室（Sandia National Laboratory）與洛斯阿拉莫斯國家實驗室（Los Alamos National Laboratory），其內匯集了眾多全球最頂尖的物理、材料科學與能源技術學者與資源。然而，眾所周知，要跨越產學之間的差距一向並非易事，為此本州經濟發展廳旗下的科技與創新辦公室（TIO）特別發佈了《科學與技術發展藍圖》（Science & Technology Roadmap），明定量子系統、航太、生物科學、先進能源與農業為核心戰略產業；州政府希望透過高密度的研發稅額抵免與先進生產設備投資獎勵架起一座能夠連結技術與商業的橋樑。
生產設備投資稅額抵免 Manufacturer's Investment Tax Credit：
而在先進製造業的擴張之中，購置高精密生產設備的成本支出往往是企業最沉重的財務負擔；本州為此量身打造了《生產設備投資稅額抵免》（Manufacturer's Investment Tax Credit, MITC），為購置具有折舊性質的生產設備的製造商提供相當於設備總價 5.125% 的稅額減免，並且此減免還可用於直接抵用企業應繳的總收入稅（GRT）、補償稅或扣繳稅，大幅舒緩了大型資本支出專案的初期財務困境。在實務申報上，MITC 提供了十分人性化的設計，允許當年度抵免餘額低於 50 萬美元的企業向稅務部（TRD）申請直接以現金支票的形式全額退還，為中小型製造商在引進新產線、升級自動化設備時提供了最直接、最即時的支援。此外，此政策亦允許企業在設備引進的首年及後續年度分批申報，如此一來便可有效協助企業在長期的折舊年限中建立起最穩健且高度可預期的稅務規劃結構。
然而，如同先前提到的眾多法案，各企業在 MITC 能夠獲取的抵免額度同樣必須與自身實質僱用增長額綁定；根據規定，企業每申報一定額度的設備投資，就必須淨增加一名全職且全年的本地雇員，其考核門檻依據投資規模進行雙軌劃分；在購置設備總價值低於 3,000 萬美元的專案中，企業每投入 75 萬美元的資本即需淨增加 1 名全職且全年就任的本地雇員，而購置設備總價值超過 3,000 萬美元的大型專案中，其僱用要求則適度調整為每 100 萬美元資本對應增加 1 名全職且全年就任的本度雇員。
值得投資者注意的是，MITC 在實務上最令跨國企業矚目的特色在於其與《工業收益債券》（IRB）的雙重福利疊加效果。一般情況下，企業若透過 IRB 的所有權代持機制來購置資產，該批生產設備本身就已經免除了 5.125% 的設備購置總收入稅 ；然而，本州法律（NMSA 1978）特別規定，企業即使購置的是免徵總收入稅的 IRB 專案設備，在滿足上述僱用條件的前提下依然可以針對這批設備重複申報 MITC 5.125% 的稅額抵免，也就是說，企業的設備建置成本會直接降低超過 10%，這對於先進封裝、航太零組件等重型製造業是難以抗拒的條件。
科技產業研發職位稅額抵免 Technology Jobs & R&D Tax Credit：
如果說 MITC 是生產硬體更新的加速器，那麼《科技產業研發職位稅額抵免》（Technology Jobs & R&D Tax Credit, TJTC）則是引領企業在軟體研發與尖端科學領域持續突破的研發獎勵。TJTC 主要針對企業在州內進行合格研究支出（QREs，包含研發人員薪資、研發設備折舊、試劑耗材與委外技術研發費用）提供精密的雙層稅務補助，分別為以下兩個面向：
✨基礎抵免（Basic Credit）：企業在合格研發專案中投入的支出，可享有總額 5% 的稅額抵免用於抵扣總收入稅、補償稅或扣繳稅；而若研發設施座落於非都會區，該抵免比率直接加倍至 10%，大力引導研發產業向郊區與偏遠地區擴散。
✨附加抵免（Additional Credit）：任一企業在當年度支付的在地基本薪資總額（Base Payroll Expense）能實現 75,000 美元以上的淨增長，每申報 100 萬美元的研發支出即可再額外獲得 5%（農村地區亦加倍為 10%）的所得稅抵免。
對於員工人數少於 50 人且年度研發支出不超過 500 萬美元的小、微型研發新創企業，TJTC 的附加抵免部分一如本州其他政策具備「可退還性」（Refundable），新創公司可以直接向本州政府稅務部兌換成現金。
進入 2026 年，本州議會為進一步擴大高科技研發的群聚效應而通過了 HB 27 替代法案（HB27/HCEDCS），針對 TJTC 大刀闊斧的改革。此修正案的核心在於解除了 IRB 融資專案與研發抵免之間的法規限制。在舊制中，由於 IRB 專案的土地、設施與設備名義上歸屬於地方政府（市或郡縣），因此與這類「公有財產」有關的研發支出都被嚴格排除在 TJTC 的申報範疇之外，這就削弱了跨國巨頭在進行超大型投資時的意願。HB 27 徹底移除了這項限制，明定 2025 年 1 月 1 日以後核准之 IRB 專案的進駐企業得針對其在公有設施與設備上的合格支出依法申報 TJTC 研發抵免；例如，於 2025 年宣布在阿布奎基興建大型磁力融合研發與製造基地的先進能源企業太平洋核融合公司 Pacific Fusion 即預期能同時享受 IRB 的財產稅免除與 TJTC 的研發抵免，這為數十億美元級的頂尖科技投資案掃清了障礙。此外，HB 27 還將 TJTC 的未抵免額度的寬限結轉期（Carry Forward）由原先的 3 年大幅延長至 7 年，並在特定課稅年度內導入了完全的轉讓權（Transferability），讓無應稅利潤的研發型新創企業能將額度直接出售套現，極大活絡了州內的技術資本市場。
替代能源設備稅額抵免 Alternative Energy Product Manufacturer’s Tax Credit：
在新墨西哥州的綠色能源轉型之路上，本州政府的戰略目標不只在於使用潔淨電力，而是希望最終能夠建構綠能製造設備的本土生產實力。為了實現此目標，本州自 2007 年起即建立了常設型獎勵政策《替代能源設備稅額抵免》（Alternative Energy Product Manufacturer’s Tax Credit, AEPMTC），針對在州內投資設立替代能源製造設施的企業提供相當於其購置之全新生產設備支出總額 5% 的稅額抵免。符合 AEPMTC 定義的替代能源產品範疇十分廣泛，包括替代能源車輛、氫能燃料電池系統、各類再生能源發電系統（如太陽能與風力）及其相關核心零組件，本州政府希望藉由直接降低生產設備的資本成本來吸引綠能製造商在本地落腳，進而在美國西南部建立一條完整的綠能產業鏈製造體系。在結構設計上，AEPMTC 規定合格的生產設備必須在企業的聯邦所得稅申報中列為「subject to depreciation（應提折舊資產）」來確保資金確實投入於實際且長期的資產建設之中。此外，為確保公共資金能直接回饋於在地經濟，AEPMTC 建立了嚴格的僱用對價機制，企業每申報 50 萬美元的合格設備支出（若資本總額超過 3,000 萬美元，則為每 100 萬美元），就必須在該生產設施內淨增加 1 名執行生產任務的在地全職員工 ；此抵免額度同樣可轉用於折抵企業的總收入稅（不含地方自提部分）、補償稅或扣繳稅，且未抵扣完的餘額可保留長達 5 年，為企業在產能上升期提供了極佳的稅務緩衝與長期營運穩定性。
在 AEPMTC 奠定的綠能製造基礎上，本州為了對接聯邦政府《通膨削減法案》（IRA）的第 45X 條款（先進製造生產補助）於近年推出了更具野心的《先進能源設備所得稅抵免》（Advanced Energy Equipment Income/Corporate Tax Credit, AEE）作為政策的延伸與未來趨勢。AEE 針對生產符合聯邦 45X 條款規定之綠能零件（如太陽能光電零件、風力渦輪機葉片、先進儲能電池等）的製造商提供高達合格設備總支出 20% 的所得稅抵免且單一專案的抵免上限高達 2,500 萬美元（全州每年總額度亦設定為 2,500 萬美元）。與 AEPMTC 不同的是，AEE 抵免的是企業的個人或公司法人所得稅，且同樣具備靈活的可轉讓性，當企業在營運初期因折舊無應納所得稅時，可以將抵免額度以不低於 100 萬美元為單位出售或轉讓給其他有高額稅務負擔的州內企業，為大型綠能建置案提供了誘人的融資彈性 。此外，為了因應聯邦政策可能的變動，本州議會於近期通過了旨在重新定義 AEE 適用範圍的 HB 154 法案，將其與聯邦 45X 的法規限制作適度脫鉤，確保即便聯邦補助政策退場，州級的 20% 抵免補助依然有效，同時首度將核融合裝置納入適用，為次世代綠能技術的開發提供了長期的政策確定性。
再生能源生產稅額抵免 Renewable Energy Product Tax Credit
在新興綠能製造端獲得全新政策支援的同時，新墨西哥州也沒有忘了轉型再生能源發電端的獎勵措施。本州傳統上素有《再生能源生產稅額抵免》（REPTC）這個曾為大型風力與太陽能發電廠提供每度電 2.7 美分（風能）或不等（太陽能）的生產補助政策，並成功吸引了數十億美元的綠能投資和協助公用事業公司順利達成本州《能源轉型法案》（ETA）所設定的 2025 年達到至少 40% 再生能源電力的法定目標。然而，隨著風力與太陽能發電技術在全球市場已在商業領域臻致成熟，REPTC 針對這兩類領域企業的新專案申請已於 2023 年正式截止（既有專案仍依原合約期限繼續發放抵免）；不過，面對風力與太陽能發電具有間歇性、無法提供穩定能源的先天缺陷，本州政府決議將這項強大的生產補助預算重新導向具備 24 小時連續發電能力且可任意調度的另一項綠色資源——地熱能（Geothermal Energy）。
為了引導地熱革命的全面發展並補足風、光能發電的缺口，本州議會於近年通過了重磅的 SB 163 法案（地熱生產稅額抵免擴大案），新法將全州地熱生產抵免的年度預算總額度從原先微不足道的 500 萬美元大幅提升 11 倍至 5,500 萬美元（其中 1,100 萬美元專款專用於印地安原住民部落與小、微型獨立生產商），由此大幅降低了資本密集型地熱開發案的融資難度。在結構上，SB 163 採行時限長達 10 年的階梯式產出補助，依據實際發電量或熱能產出來發放每度電的抵免額（第一年為每度電 $0.015 美元，隨後逐年攀升，至第六年達到最高峰每度電 $0.04 美元，第七年起再逐年平緩遞減至第十年的 $0.02 美元。），單一設施年度申報上限為 200,000 百萬瓦小時（MWh）（約折合 25 萬瓩容量的地熱發電廠）且抵免額度同樣具備完全的可轉讓權，最多能保留 3 年。這直接引導了如本州南部之 Lightning Dock Geothermal 等地熱設施在 2025 年進行深井擴建並成功增產，更加穩固了本州的清潔能源獨立性，也為將來的電網現代化奠定了基礎。
Riding the Global Wave of Technology and Green Energy: New Mexico’s Strategic Roadmap for Technological Innovation and Equipment Modernization
Currently, the world is undergoing a wave of high-tech supply chain restructuring and the push toward net-zero carbon emissions. How local governments around the world guide the transformation of traditional industries while simultaneously building future technological independence has become a critical policy challenge. In the process of promoting modern industrial transformation, New Mexico has already demonstrated highly forward-looking planning. Recognizing the long-standing vulnerability of the state’s fiscal revenue—which has been heavily reliant on oil and natural gas extraction and thus susceptible to fluctuations in international market prices—the state government has in recent years resolved to shift its policy focus toward diversified, low-carbon, and technology-intensive manufacturing industries. As the final installment of the three-part series on New Mexico’s investment incentive policies, this report will focus on four core policies related to technology R&D, equipment upgrades, and green energy. We will detail how we have paved the way for businesses through the Manufacturing Investment Tax Credit (MITC), the Technology Jobs and Tax Credit (TJTC), the Alternative Energy Equipment Tax Credit (AEPMTC), and the Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit (REPTC) to pave the way for businesses and inject powerful R&D and transformative energy into the state’s economy.
A closer analysis reveals that New Mexico’s ability to foster world-class high-tech industries is rooted in our unique academic research heritage, unmatched anywhere else in the United States. The state is home to two of the nation’s most prominent federal national laboratories—Sandia National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory—which bring together many of the world’s leading scholars and resources in physics, materials science, and energy technology. However, as is well known, bridging the gap between academia and industry has never been an easy task. To address this, the Office of Technology and Innovation (TIO) under the State Department of Economic Development has specifically released the “Science & Technology Roadmap,” which identifies aerospace, biosciences, smart manufacturing, and green energy as core strategic industries; The state government aims to build a bridge connecting technology and business through generous R&D tax credits and incentives for investments in advanced manufacturing equipment.
Manufacturer's Investment Tax Credit (MITC):
In the expansion of advanced manufacturing, the cost of purchasing high-precision production equipment is often the heaviest financial burden for enterprises. To address this, the state has tailored the Manufacturer's Investment Tax Credit (MITC) (Manufacturer's Investment Tax Credit, MITC) to address this challenge. This program provides manufacturers purchasing depreciable production equipment with a tax credit equal to 5.125% of the equipment’s total cost. Furthermore, this credit can be directly applied against a company’s General Revenue Tax (GRT), compensation tax, or withholding tax, significantly alleviating the initial financial strain associated with large-scale capital expenditure projects. In practical terms, the MITC features a highly user-friendly design, allowing businesses with a credit balance of less than $500,000 for the current year to apply to the Taxation and Revenue Department (TRD) for a full refund in the form of a cashier’s check. This provides the most direct and immediate support for small and medium-sized manufacturers when introducing new production lines or upgrading automation equipment. Furthermore, this policy allows businesses to claim the credit in installments during the first year of equipment installation and subsequent years. This effectively helps companies establish the most robust and highly predictable tax planning structure over the long-term depreciation period.
However, as with many previously mentioned bills, the credit amount a company can claim under the MITC must be tied to its actual employment growth; According to the regulations, for every reported amount of equipment investment, a business must net-add one full-time, year-round local employee, with the assessment threshold divided into two tiers based on investment scale; for projects with a total equipment value of less than $30 million, companies must net add one full-time, year-round local employee for every $750,000 of capital invested. In large-scale projects where the total value of equipment exceeds $30 million, the employment requirement is adjusted to one full-time, year-round local employee for every $1 million of capital.
It is worth noting to investors that, in practice, the most notable feature of the MITC for multinational corporations is its synergistic effect when combined with the Industrial Revenue Bond (IRB). Generally, if a company acquires assets through the IRB’s nominee ownership mechanism, the production equipment itself is already exempt from the 5.125% gross income tax on equipment purchases; However, state law (NMSA 1978) specifically stipulates that even if a company purchases IRB-eligible equipment that is already exempt from gross income tax, it may still claim the MITC 5.125% tax credit for that equipment provided the aforementioned employment conditions are met. In other words, the company’s equipment installation costs are directly reduced by more than 10%, which is an irresistible incentive for heavy manufacturing sectors such as advanced packaging and aerospace components.
Technology Jobs & R&D Tax Credit (TJTC):
If the MITC serves as an accelerator for hardware innovation, then the Technology Jobs & R&D Tax Credit (TJTC) is an R&D incentive that drives companies to achieve continuous breakthroughs in software development and cutting-edge science. The TJTC primarily provides a targeted two-tier tax incentive for eligible research expenditures (QREs) incurred by companies within the state—including R&D personnel salaries, depreciation of R&D equipment, reagents and consumables, and outsourced technical R&D costs—comprising the following two components:
Basic Credit: Businesses can claim a 5% tax credit on expenditures incurred in qualified R&D projects to offset income tax, compensation tax, or withholding tax. If the R&D facility is located in a non-metropolitan area, this credit rate is doubled to 10%, strongly encouraging the expansion of the R&D industry into suburban and remote regions.
Additional Credit: For any enterprise achieving a net increase of $75,000 or more in its total local base payroll expenses for the fiscal year, an additional 5% income tax credit (doubled to 10% in rural areas) is granted for every $1 million in reported R&D expenditures.
For small and micro R&D startups with fewer than 50 employees and annual R&D expenditures not exceeding $5 million, the Additional Credit under the TJTC is “refundable,” consistent with other state policies, allowing startups to directly convert it into cash through the state Department of Revenue.
In 2026, to further expand the clustering effect of high-tech R&D, the state legislature passed HB 27 (HB27/HCEDCS), a replacement bill that radically reformed the TJTC. The core of this amendment lies in removing regulatory restrictions between IRB financing projects and R&D credits. Under the old system, since the land, facilities, and equipment of IRB projects were nominally owned by local governments (cities or counties), R&D expenditures related to such “public property” were strictly excluded from the scope of TJTC claims, which dampened the willingness of multinational giants to make massive investments. HB 27 completely removes this restriction, explicitly stipulating that companies participating in IRB projects approved on or after January 1, 2025, may claim the TJTC R&D credit for eligible expenditures on public facilities and equipment in accordance with the law; For example, Pacific Fusion, an advanced energy company that announced plans in 2025 to build a large-scale magnetic fusion R&D and manufacturing facility in Albuquerque, is expected to benefit from both the IRB’s property tax exemption and the TJTC’s R&D credit, clearing the way for this multi-billion-dollar cutting-edge technology investment. Furthermore, HB 27 significantly extends the carry-forward period for unused TJTC credits from the original 3 years to 7 years and introduces full transferability within specific tax years, allowing R&D-focused startups with no taxable income to directly sell their credits for cash, thereby greatly invigorating the state’s technology capital market.
Alternative Energy Product Manufacturer’s Tax Credit (AEPMTC):
On New Mexico’s path toward a green energy transition, the state government’s strategic goal extends beyond simply using clean electricity; it aims to ultimately build local manufacturing capabilities for green energy equipment. To achieve this goal, the state established the permanent incentive program, the Alternative Energy Product Manufacturer’s Tax Credit (AEPMTC), in 2007. This program provides a tax credit equal to 5% of the total expenditure on new production equipment to companies that invest in establishing alternative energy manufacturing facilities within the state. The scope of alternative energy products defined under the AEPMTC is very broad, including alternative-fuel vehicles, hydrogen fuel cell systems, various renewable energy generation systems (such as solar and wind), and their related core components. The state government hopes to attract green energy manufacturers to establish operations locally by directly reducing the capital costs of production equipment, thereby establishing a complete green energy industrial chain manufacturing system in the U.S. Southwest. In terms of structural design, the AEPMTC stipulates that eligible production equipment must be classified as “subject to depreciation” on the company’s federal income tax return to ensure that funds are indeed invested in tangible, long-term asset construction. Furthermore, to ensure that public funds directly benefit the local economy, the AEPMTC has established a strict employment matching mechanism: for every $500,000 in eligible equipment expenditures reported by a company (or every $1 million if the total capital investment exceeds $30 million), the company must net-add one local full-time employee performing production duties at the facility; This credit may be applied against a company’s gross income tax (excluding the local portion), compensation tax, or withholding tax, and any unused balance may be carried forward for up to five years, providing businesses with an excellent tax buffer and long-term operational stability during periods of capacity expansion.
Building on the green energy manufacturing foundation established by the AEPMTC, the state has recently introduced the more ambitious Advanced Energy Equipment Income/Corporate Tax Credit (AEE) as an extension of existing policies and a future trend, designed to align with Section 45X (Advanced Manufacturing Production Credits) of the federal Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). The AEE provides manufacturers producing green energy components that meet the requirements of federal Section 45X (such as solar photovoltaic components, wind turbine blades, and advanced energy storage batteries) with an income tax credit of up to 20% of total eligible equipment expenditures, with a credit cap of up to $25 million per project (the statewide annual cap is also set at $25 million) . Unlike the AEPMTC, the AEE credit applies to a business’s individual or corporate income tax and similarly offers flexible transferability. When a business has no taxable income due to depreciation during its early operational phase, it may sell or transfer the credit in units of no less than $1 million to other in-state businesses with a high tax burden, providing attractive financing flexibility for large-scale green energy projects. Furthermore, to address potential changes in federal policy, the state legislature recently passed HB 154, a bill aimed at redefining the scope of the AEE. This legislation moderately decouples the AEE from the regulatory constraints of the federal 45X program, ensuring that even if federal subsidy policies are phased out, the state’s 20% tax credit will remain in effect. The bill also, for the first time, includes fusion devices within its scope, providing long-term policy certainty for the development of next-generation green energy technologies.
Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit (REPTC)
While providing new policy support for emerging green energy manufacturing, New Mexico has not overlooked incentives for the transition to renewable energy generation. The state has traditionally offered the Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit (REPTC), a policy that provided production subsidies of 2.7 cents per kilowatt-hour (for wind) or varying rates (for solar) to large-scale wind and solar power plants. This program successfully attracted billions of dollars in green energy investment and helped utility companies meet the statutory target of at least 40% renewable energy by 2025, as set forth in the state’s Energy Transition Act (ETA). However, as wind and solar power technologies have reached commercial maturity in the global market, the REPTC officially closed applications for new projects in these sectors in 2023 (existing projects will continue to receive credits according to their original contract terms); Nevertheless, in light of the inherent limitations of wind and solar power—namely their intermittent nature and inability to provide stable energy—the state government has resolved to redirect this substantial production subsidy budget toward another green resource capable of 24-hour continuous generation and flexible dispatch: geothermal energy.
To drive the comprehensive development of the geothermal revolution and fill the gaps left by wind and solar power, the state legislature recently passed the landmark SB 163 bill (Geothermal Production Tax Credit Expansion Act), The new law increases the annual budget for statewide geothermal production credits by a factor of 11, from a previously negligible $5 million to $55 million (of which $11 million is earmarked specifically for Native American tribes and small and micro-scale independent producers), thereby significantly reducing the financing challenges associated with capital-intensive geothermal development projects. Structurally, SB 163 adopts a 10-year phased output-based subsidy, with the credit amount per kilowatt-hour (kWh) determined by actual electricity or thermal energy production (starting at $0.015 per kWh in the first year, increasing annually to a peak of $0.04 per kWh in the sixth year, and then gradually decreasing from the seventh year onward to $0.02 per kWh in the tenth year). The annual reporting cap for a single facility is 200,000 megawatt-hours (MWh) (equivalent to a geothermal power plant with a capacity of approximately 250 MW), and the credits are fully transferable and can be carried forward for up to three years. This has directly led to projects such as the Lightning Dock Geothermal Plant in the southern part of the state. This has directly led to the deep-well expansion and successful increase in production at geothermal facilities such as Lightning Dock Geothermal in the southern part of the state by 2025, further solidifying the state’s clean energy independence and laying the groundwork for future grid modernization.
Taiwán en México
New Mexico Economic Development Department
