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Bukreeva Olga Asset Consulting, �, Kyiv (2026)

24/09/2026

🌍 WDD 1 — TERRITORIES, BORDERS AND JURISDICTIONS

Territorial verification begins with the country boundary and continues through every administrative level applicable to the location.

ADM0, ADM1 and ADM2 were not created by one company. They form an international de facto GIS convention developed through the work of defense and mapping authorities, international organizations and scientific institutions.

Level 0 (ADM0): Country boundaries
ADM0 is the external boundary of the state or territory. The review confirms:
• the internationally recognised boundary;
• the official name and status;
• whether the location is within a sovereign state, dependent territory or special-status territory;
• any territorial dispute, occupation or foreign control;
• any difference between legal status and effective administration.

Level 1 (ADM1): First-level divisions
ADM1 covers the largest internal units directly below the national level, including states, regions, provinces, autonomous communities, cantons, constituent countries or territories.
The name does not determine the level. The country’s constitutional and administrative hierarchy must be reviewed.

Level 2 (ADM2): Second-level divisions
ADM2 is the next level below ADM1. It may include counties, districts, departments, provinces below a higher regional level, metropolitan areas or municipalities forming the second level.

Lower administrative levels
Countries may also use ADM3, ADM4 or lower units: municipalities, communes, boroughs, parishes, local councils, city districts and villages.

The hierarchy is not uniform. A municipality may be ADM1 in one jurisdiction, ADM2 in another and ADM3 elsewhere.
Territorial labels vary significantly between countries, so the same term may describe different positions in the hierarchy. Verification must therefore rely on official constitutional, administrative and geospatial sources for the exact location, not on terminology alone or general assumptions.

SALB — Second Administrative Level Boundaries
https://geodataviewer.com/datasets/boundaries/un-salb-boundaries/
SALB helps identify administrative structure, official ADM1 and ADM2 names, boundary geometry, hierarchy and historical changes.
SALB does not determine sovereignty or register territorial title. A boundary shown in SALB is not a United Nations legal decision on the status of a country, territory or disputed area.

WDD 1 verification sequence
ADM0 country → ADM1 region → ADM2 district or equivalent → lower national administrative levels
At each level, confirm:
• official name;
• boundary and hierarchy;
• responsible authority;
• effective date of the current boundary;
• special, autonomous or disputed status.

The WDD 1 outcome is a documented territorial hierarchy showing exactly which state and administrative jurisdictions apply to the asset’s location.

Olga Bukreeva
Advisory in Real Estate, Land Assets & Compliance

22/09/2026

📍 ONE POINT ON THE MAP — A COMPLETE ASSET CHECK ACROSS EUROPE

Sometimes the initial information about a real-est estate asset consists of only one point on a map.

But before acquisition, that point must be connected to a complete set of official data.

The White Due Diligence methodology reviews the asset through five consecutive stages:
1. Territories and jurisdictions
The state, region, municipality, applicable legislation and competent authorities.
2. Spatial planning
Land-use zoning, permitted uses, development parameters and planning restrictions.
3. Land and rights
The cadastral parcel, boundaries, ownership, encumbrances, easements, legal access and utilities.
4. Buildings and structures
Permits, construction status, approved use, regulatory compliance and technical condition.
5. Special considerations determined by the location
• 5.1 Coasts, islands and marine zones
• 5.2 Water bodies, flood zones and water authorities
• 5.3 Protected areas and landscape constraints
• 5.4 Archaeology and cultural heritage
• 5.5 Seismic, volcanic, wildfire and climate risks
• 5.6 Border, military, territorial and sanctions regimes
• 5.7 Infrastructure, transport accessibility and seasonal constraints

Each document, map, register and restriction must relate to:
the exact location → the exact parcel → the exact asset → the intended use

A title deed or planning permission alone does not provide a complete understanding of an asset.

Reliable investment decisions require verified information about what can legally and practically be acquired, developed, reconstructed, financed and operated at that specific location.
One point on the map becomes a complete evidence-based asset profile.

Olga Bukreeva
Advisory in Real Estate, Land Assets & Compliance

20/09/2026

🚢✈️🚧 WDD 5.7 — INFRASTRUCTURE, TRANSPORT ACCESSIBILITY AND SEASONAL CONSTRAINTS

An asset’s proximity to a road, port or airport does not confirm that it is genuinely accessible.

Before acquiring a property, investors should verify whether construction materials, equipment, personnel and operational cargo can reach the asset throughout the year.

The WDD 5.7 review covers:
• the classification, legal status and condition of access roads;
• permitted vehicle dimensions, weight limits and freight routes;
• bridges, tunnels, mountain passes and the final road section to the property;
• roadworks, temporary closures and local traffic restrictions;
• ferry routes, seasonal timetables and weather-related cancellations;
• port, berth and cargo-handling capacity;
• the transportation of specialist or oversized equipment;
• airport safeguarding zones and restrictions affecting cranes, lighting and building height;
• winter road maintenance, avalanches, landslides, strong winds and other seasonal risks;
• alternative routes and logistics resilience.
The review draws on official road registers, traffic notices, port regulations, ferry timetables, AIP data, NOTAMs and information maintained by competent national and local authorities.
Enhanced scrutiny is particularly important for island, mountainous, coastal and remote assets. Within the European WDD matrix, this applies especially to the Åland Islands, Greenland, Greece, Denmark, Iceland, Cyprus, Malta, Norway, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, the Faroe Islands, Croatia and Montenegro.

WDD 5.7 verification outcomes
The investor receives clear answers to practical questions:
— Is the asset accessible throughout the year?
— Can the proposed route accommodate the required vehicles and equipment?
— Does construction or operation depend on a single transport connection?
— Which weather and seasonal factors may increase costs or delay delivery?
— Are additional permits, alternative routes or buffer stocks required?
A legally compliant asset may still be difficult or uneconomic to develop if access depends on weather conditions, limited infrastructure or insufficient road and port capacity.
WDD 5.7 identifies the asset’s actual accessibility before acquisition and incorporates logistics risks into the budget, project timeline and investment decision.

Olga Bukreeva
Advisory in Real Estate, Land Assets & Compliance

19/09/2026

WDD 5.6 — 🛡️BORDER, MILITARY, TERRITORIAL AND SANCTIONS REGIMES

Ownership rights and planning documentation do not necessarily mean that an asset can be legally acquired, paid for, registered and used.

An additional WDD 5.6 review is required where a property:
• is located within a border zone or near a national border;
• is situated in an area affected by hostilities, temporary occupation or a territorial dispute;
• is located near military facilities, defence zones or critical infrastructure;
• is owned through a foreign company or complex international structure;
• is connected to sanctioned persons, jurisdictions, banks or sources of financing;
• may be subject to foreign-investment screening or restrictions on property acquisition.

What should be verified
→ legality and state recognition of ownership rights;
→ territorial status of the asset’s location;
→ border-zone restrictions and access requirements;
→ classification as state-owned or military property;
→ proximity to defence and strategic facilities;
→ foreign-buyer permit requirements;
→ ultimate beneficial owners and effective control;
→ sellers, buyers, creditors, banks, intermediaries and related parties;
→ source of funds, payment route and transaction currency;
→ national and international sanctions, asset freezes, seizures and prohibitions;
→ the practical ability to execute, finance and register the transaction.

Special focus — assets with Russian exposure

The review should not be limited to searching for a person’s name or company in a sanctions list.

It is necessary to identify:
• direct and indirect ownership;
• effective control through nominees, trusts, funds and companies in third countries;
• links to Russian state, military and financial structures;
• involvement of sanctioned banks, creditors or payment intermediaries;
• changes in the ownership structure following the introduction of sanctions;
• risks of sanctions circumvention, asset freezing, confiscation or transfer into state administration.
The absence of a person or company from one sanctions list does not confirm that a transaction is safe. Every regime applicable to the jurisdiction, transaction parties, banks and payment currency must be considered.

WDD 5.6 should provide a practical answer:
Is the title legally recognised → is the acquisition permitted → can the transaction be lawfully financed and paid → can ownership be registered → could the asset be blocked after acquisition?

The review should be completed before signing the agreement, paying a deposit or transferring funds. The sanctions status of all parties should be re-screened immediately before closing.
Verify more than the asset. Verify the territory, ownership, control, financing and the ability to complete the transaction.

Olga Bukreeva
Advisory in Real Estate, Land Assets & Compliance

16/09/2026

🌍 WDD 5.5 — SEISMIC, VOLCANIC, WILDFIRE AND CLIMATE RISKS
Ownership rights, planning parameters and building permits do not eliminate risks associated with natural hazards.
Assets located in areas exposed to significant seismic activity, active volcanic systems, wildfires or climate change require an additional WDD 5.5 review.
Within the European WDD matrix, this review has enhanced relevance for 11 countries:
Albania, Greece, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, North Macedonia, Portugal, Türkiye, Croatia and Montenegro.
Scope of review
• seismic zoning and design ground acceleration;
• active faults, local soil conditions and seismic microzonation data;
• volcanic hazard zones and scenarios involving lava flows, pyroclastic flows, ashfall and volcanic gases;
• evacuation zones and areas subject to special emergency planning;
• wildfire-risk classification;
• firebreaks, vegetation management, emergency access and firefighting water supply;
• projected changes in temperature, precipitation, drought, storms and extreme weather events;
• the impact of these risks on design, operation, insurance and asset liquidity.
Practical verification sources
Depending on the jurisdiction, the review includes official:
→ seismic and volcanic hazard maps;
→ geological and geotechnical data;
→ wildfire-risk maps;
→ national and local risk assessments;
→ civil protection and evacuation plans;
→ climate atlases, projections and adaptation strategies;
→ regional building codes and technical requirements.
Document titles and competent authorities differ between jurisdictions. Verification must therefore rely on official national, regional and local sources.
WDD Insight
A hazard map indicates the general level of natural hazard, but it does not automatically determine the actual vulnerability of a specific property.
A sound investment decision requires an integrated assessment of:
site coordinates + soil conditions + structural system + intended use + asset life cycle
The WDD 5.5 review may identify the need for:
• additional geological and geotechnical investigations;
• seismic microzonation;
• structural strengthening;
• revisions to the site plan or engineering solutions;
• firebreaks and evacuation routes;
• backup water and energy supply;
• adaptation measures addressing heat, drought, intense rainfall and storms;
• changes to the project budget, timeline and insurance strategy.
WDD 5.5 assesses not only whether a natural hazard exists, but also how it may affect development feasibility, safe operation and the investment value of the asset.
The review should be completed before acquiring the property and approving its development concept.
Verify the asset, the hazard zone and the required protection measures.

Olga Bukreeva
Advisory in Real Estate, Land Assets & Compliance

13/09/2026

ARCHAEOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE 🏛️

Ownership rights and permitted use do not automatically guarantee that a property can be developed or reconstructed.

If a land plot or building is located within a historic environment, an archaeological zone or near a cultural heritage asset, an additional WDD 5.4 review is required.

The review covers:
• the protected status of the asset and surrounding area;
• the boundaries of heritage sites, archaeological zones and buffer areas;
• inclusion in national, regional or local registers;
• restrictions on development, reconstruction, building height, façades and excavation works;
• requirements for archaeological surveys or monitoring;
• approvals from the competent heritage authorities;
• conditions governing preservation, adaptation and change of use;
• the potential impact on the project concept, budget and timeline.

Practical sources for verification
Depending on the jurisdiction, the review may include:
→ heritage and protected-area registers;
→ archaeological maps and inventories;
→ spatial plans and zoning documents;
→ heritage statements, conservation plans and archaeological assessments;
→ permits, opinions and approvals issued by competent authorities;
→ conditions applicable to excavation, construction and restoration works.
Verification should rely on official national, regional and municipal sources. Document names, competent authorities and approval procedures vary between jurisdictions.
WDD Insight
Archaeology and cultural heritage are not only matters of historical preservation. For an investor, they may result in:
additional investigations → special approvals → project revisions → higher costs → extended timelines
WDD 5.4 should therefore be completed before acquiring the asset and approving its development concept.

Reliable data makes it possible not only to identify restrictions but also to determine whether the intended use and development scenario are compatible with the protected status of the property and its surroundings.
Verify the asset before acquisition.

Olga Bukreeva
Advisory in Real Estate, Land Assets & Compliance

12/09/2026

PROTECTED AREAS AND LANDSCAPE CONSTRAINTS 🌿

Ownership rights and planning documentation do not always confirm that the proposed project can be implemented.

Before acquiring an asset, additional checks should cover:
• protected-area and Natura 2000 boundaries;
• protection zones, buffer areas and landscape constraints;
• permitted uses and development parameters;
• restrictions on earthworks, building height, volume and materials;
• environmental assessments, special permits and approvals.

The review should extend beyond the formal boundaries of a protected area. Restrictions may also apply where a project could affect natural habitats, ecological corridors or protected landscapes.

WDD 5.3 identifies what can legally and practically be built, reconstructed or changed before an investment decision is made.

Olga Bukreeva
Advisory in Real Estate, Land Assets & Compliance

09/09/2026

WATER BODIES, FLOOD ZONES AND WATER AUTHORITIES 💧Ownership rights and planning permission do not eliminate water-related property risks.

Before acquiring a real estate asset, verify:
▪️ location within flood-prone or inundation zones;
▪️ risks from rivers, the sea, surface water and groundwater;
▪️ dams, flood defences and drainage systems;
▪️ water-protection zones and development restrictions;
▪️ historical flooding and climate-change scenarios;
▪️ required approvals from water authorities;
▪️ impact on development, insurance, financing and CAPEX.

Official sources include Flood Map for Planning, CFRAM Flood Maps, Hochwassergefahrenkarte, Gefahrenkarte, HORA, KAMP, Flomsonekart, PPRI/PPRi and other national or regional documents.

WDD Insight 🔎
A public map is only the initial screening tool—not a final conclusion about a specific property.

The correct sequence is:
Map → official water-authority data → site-specific assessment → impact on development and value → investment decision.

Olga Bukreeva
Advisory in Real Estate, Land Assets & Compliance

07/09/2026

COASTLINES, ISLANDS AND MARITIME ZONES 🌊 Coastal real estate often carries a significant investment premium.

However, ownership of the land and the legal status of a building do not necessarily mean that the asset can be freely used, reconstructed, extended or further developed.

For coastal and island properties, White Due Diligence therefore requires an additional layer of review:
WDD 5.1 — Coastlines, Islands and Maritime Zones
This check is particularly relevant across the United Kingdom and its separate jurisdictions, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Malta, Norway, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, Portugal, France, Croatia and Montenegro.

WHAT SHOULD BE CHECKED BEFORE ACQUIRING THE ASSET?
1️⃣ The legal shoreline boundary and the boundary of the public maritime domain.
2️⃣ Coastal protection belts, statutory setbacks, no-build zones and areas where development is restricted.
3️⃣ Coastal flooding, storm surge, erosion and shoreline-retreat risks.
4️⃣ Coastal zoning and maritime spatial plans — what may actually be built and how the property may legally be used.
5️⃣ Concessions, licences and agreements for the use of coastal or maritime areas, including their duration, conditions and transferability.
6️⃣ The legality of coastal and marine structures — piers, jetties, platforms, retaining walls, breakwaters and coastal-defence works.
7️⃣ Public access to the coastline and any restrictions affecting exclusive private use.

🔑 WDD INSIGHT
A coastal asset should not be analysed as a collection of separate documents.

The key is spatial cross-checking of multiple data layers:
CADASTRAL PARCEL
→ OFFICIAL SHORELINE
→ COASTAL / MARITIME PLAN
→ HAZARD MAP
→ CONCESSION / LICENCE
→ ACTUAL SITE CONDITION
Overlaying these layers can reveal risks that may remain invisible in a conventional title or legal review.

THE KEY PRINCIPLE
SEA VIEW ≠ DEVELOPMENT RIGHT
TITLE ≠ COASTAL COMPLIANCE
COASTAL PREMIUM − COASTAL RISK = REAL INVESTMENT VALUE

A coastal location is not merely an asset advantage.
It represents a separate legal, spatial, environmental and technical regime that should be established before the investment decision — not after the property has been acquired.

Olga Bukreeva
Advisory in Real Estate, Land Assets & Compliance

06/09/2026

SOURCES FOR VERIFYING BUILDING DOCUMENTATION ACROSS 54 EUROPEAN JURISDICTIONS

Before purchasing a building, building complex or separate unit, confirming ownership rights alone is not enough.

Document names and competent authorities differ across jurisdictions, but the core verification logic remains consistent:
1️⃣ Permit for construction, reconstruction or alteration;
2️⃣ Approved design documentation and drawings;
3️⃣ Evidence of construction completion, commissioning or lawful use;
4️⃣ Technical file, technical passport, cadastral record or building-register extract;
5️⃣ Documents identifying a separate apartment, office or other unit;
6️⃣ Records of changes of use, subdivision, merger or reconstruction;
7️⃣ Energy, fire-safety, structural and operational certificates.
Relevant sources may include municipal building authorities, building-control bodies, cadastres, building registers, land registries, energy databases and electronic permitting portals.

🔑 WDD Insight
The registration of a building in a cadastre or public register does not, by itself, confirm that it was lawfully constructed, properly completed or legally used.

The documents must therefore be reviewed as one connected chain:
permit → approved design → completion → lawful use → register and technical data → physical condition.
For an apartment, office or other unit, the review should additionally confirm its legal formation as a separate property, boundaries, area, layout, rights to common property and compliance of its actual use with the permitted function.

Document names may vary depending on the country, region, municipality, construction date and asset type. However, the purpose remains the same: to establish whether the physical asset corresponds to its permitting, technical and registration records.

This is how register data becomes a practical instrument for managing acquisition risks.

Olga Bukreeva
Advisory in Real Estate, Land Assets & Compliance

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