02/08/2012
ADHD and Giftedness
Although it has been the primary purpose of this paper to relate the similarity of behaviors indicative of ADHD and creativity, it is important to note that many intellectually gifted children also exhibit behaviors that are associated with a diagnosis of ADHD. Although it is possible for children to be both gifted and ADHD, there are dangers of misdiagnosis for gifted children when the evaluation is not thorough (Webb & Latimer, 1993).
Observed as inattentive, the gifted child may be bored. Described as hyperactive, the gifted child may be displaying a high energy level. Regarded as difficult and obstreperous, the gifted child may be questioning authority and creating a personal, complex rule system (Webb & Latimer, 1993).
Michael Kearney, the youngest college graduate in the world, was diagnosed as a toddler with ADHD and prescribed Ritalin. However, his parents declined drug treatment and decided to nurture Michael's genius with education instead. He started school at age three, entered junior college at six, and graduated from he University of South Alabama at ten (Patureau, 1994). His father, Kevin Kearney, refused the notion that Michael's inattention is due to a lack of attention: "In fact, children like Michael have an attention surplus. He's so much faster than we are. In two seconds he's figured out what you're going to say. He's toyed with a few answers and now he's looking around waiting for you to finish. It looks like he's not paying attention and it drives teachers crazy. (Kearney quoted in Patureau, 1994, p.M4).
According to Webb and Latimer (1993, the most important distinctions between the gifted child and the child with ADHD are the situationality of the behavior and the variability of task performance. They have contended that the "activities of children with ADHD tend to be both continual and random; the gifted child's activity usually is episodic and directed to specific goals" (p.2). Also, they have observed that children with ADHD exhibit inconsistency of performance and effort in almost all tasks and in all settings, except television or computer games, although the extent of the behaviors and the degree to which they are perceived as troublesome may vary; gifted children will usually do well in classes that are enjoyable and appropriately challenging. However, some researchers have not seen situational variability as a reason to rule out a diagnosis of ADHD (Barkely, 1990; Schaughency & Rothlind, 1991). To clarify this, the newest DSM-IV guidelines for the diagnosis of ADHD recommend that the symptoms be observed in two or more situations and that the "disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning" (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, p.E:9).