Agulhas Utilities Corporation

13/05/2025

🚨 Eskom Needs Serious Reform – Here’s Why 🚨

In a previous post, I highlighted the issue of a disproportionate number of support staff versus those actually delivering electricity. For every person responsible for keeping the lights on, there are likely four staff members whose roles don’t directly contribute to the core mission.

On May 12, 2025, BusinessTech reported that Eskom’s cost per employee increased from R38,000 in 1990 to R913,000 in 2024. The World Bank estimates that Eskom required a workforce of only 14,244 people to serve its customers. This suggests that Eskom is overstaffed by about 66%, with a workforce of over 40,000 employees.

The average salary of an Eskom employee is R59,000 per month, significantly higher than the average salary in other sub-Saharan countries. Despite this, Eskom has struggled to keep the lights on, leading to frequent load shedding and power outages.

Eskom's bloated and expensive workforce is a significant factor in its financial troubles. Between 2011 and 2013, the number of employees at Eskom increased by 4,488, from 41,778 to 46,266, without a corresponding increase in productivity. This aggressive recruitment drive was primarily to satisfy affirmative action requirements, rather than to obtain additional skills needed by the company.

The National Energy Regulator of South Africa (Nersa) has recognized the need for Eskom to cut its operational costs and inefficiencies. However, despite these recommendations, Eskom continues to employ an excessive number of staff and pay much higher wages than its peers.

The current situation is unsustainable. Eskom's bloated workforce and high wages are contributing to the financial strain on the company and the country. It's time for serious reform at Eskom to ensure that we have an efficient and effective power utility that can meet the needs of all South Africans.

12/05/2025

🚨 Eskom’s Struggles: A Wake-Up Call for South Africa’s Power Crisis 🚨
An article in Daily Investor on 7 May 2025 highlighted a troubling reality: “Eskom chased away skilled employees and now sits with a problem.” Eskom’s chairman, Mteto Nyati, admitted that the power utility has failed to meet expectations: “We have not been proud of how we have performed.” For years, poor leadership and management have plagued Eskom, and now, the consequences are clear.

📉 The Long Road to Improvement 📉
Eskom’s issues are deeply rooted, and even with immediate action, improvements in the “quality of supply” won’t be felt anytime soon. Experts suggest it could take 10 to 20 years to see significant changes due to outdated infrastructure, underinvestment, and systemic inefficiencies. This isn’t something that can be solved overnight.

Widespread Issues
While Eskom is at the forefront, the problems extend to municipalities across South Africa, many of which face similar—if not worse—challenges. Poor governance, weak leadership, and a lack of accountability are widespread, with citizens venting their frustration over blackouts and inconsistent service. And Nersa, too, has faced criticism for its lack of effective oversight and solutions.

💡 The Exodus of Skilled Talent 💡
One key issue often overlooked is the exodus of skilled employees from Eskom over the past decade. This began during an aggressive transformation initiative that drove out experienced staff, leaving a significant skills gap. Remaining employees, many of whom lacked expertise, were forced to cover for each other, masking the absence of necessary skills. I witnessed this firsthand when I returned as a consultant. Problems that should’ve been solved quickly were delayed for weeks or months, as I had to train colleagues by explaining basic concepts.

What struck me was the lack of technical knowledge among leadership, with a focus on looking good in front of superiors rather than solving issues efficiently. This approach slowed down progress and contributed to ongoing challenges.

🚧 The “Baggage” Problem 🚧
Another issue is the disproportionate number of support staff versus those actually delivering electricity. For every person responsible for keeping the lights on, there are likely four staff members whose roles don’t directly contribute to the core mission. This bloated structure contributes to inefficiencies and delays, while accountability is diluted. The focus needs to shift to empowering frontline staff and streamlining operations.

🔑 The Road Ahead: A Call for Change 🔑
Eskom’s problems are not just about financial mismanagement—they stem from poor leadership, lack of technical skills, and an outdated approach to energy management. The real challenge is fixing the culture of inefficiency and mediocrity that has taken root over the years.

Let’s hope our leaders rise to the challenge—before it’s too late.

04/05/2025

🌍 A Call to Action for Governments and Planners: Ensuring Power Quality in the Age of Renewable Energy 🌍

On April 2, 2024, Agulhas Utilities Corporation published a thought-provoking blog article titled “Compensating for Power Quality Issues Caused by Power Electronics Devices.” In this article, we highlighted the significant impact that extensive use of power electronics devices has on power quality, specifically causing voltage sags and swells (frequency swings). We also outlined several methods to compensate for these issues, emphasizing the importance of careful and long-term planning.

Recent events in Spain and Portugal have underscored the urgency of addressing these power quality challenges. While the solutions we proposed cannot be implemented overnight, they are crucial for mastering the complexities of modern power systems. Our blog article was intended as a wake-up call for those advising Power Utility Companies on network planning. It is essential to be cautious in recommendations, as short-term gains can lead to long-term suffering.
The central question we pose is whether government institutions are so focused on the transition to Renewable Energy that they have lost sight of the bigger picture. At Agulhas Utilities Corporation, we wholeheartedly support the use of Renewable Energy in the Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution Industries. However, it is imperative that those serving on planning commissions possess the knowledge and experience to see beyond immediate issues and address the broader challenges.

Governments and planners must adopt a holistic approach to energy transition. They must not only focus on the integration of Renewable Energy but also ensure the stability and reliability of power systems. This requires a deep understanding of power electronics and their impact on power quality. It is not enough to solve minor issues; we must address the larger problems that can jeopardize the success of our energy transition.

We urge governments and planners to prioritize comprehensive planning and collaboration with experts in the field. By doing so, we can achieve a sustainable and resilient energy future that benefits everyone. Let us work together to ensure that our transition to Renewable Energy is not only successful but also equitable and reliable.

Join us in advocating for a balanced approach to energy planning. Share your thoughts and experiences in the comments below. Together, we can make a difference and pave the way for a brighter, cleaner future.

11/01/2025

Creating a Zero-Based Budget (ZBB) is a dynamic process that compels you to justify every expense from scratch, rather than simply adjusting previous budgets. This financial approach promotes optimal resource allocation by linking expenses directly to business objectives and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).

Back in 1988, we utilized a program developed in Microsoft Access to manage our construction and operational plans. This early system, although rudimentary by today's standards, was revolutionary for its time. It connected our project plans with KPIs, helping us track progress, ensure compliance, and drive performance. Fast forward to today, these plans are meticulously captured in advanced Enterprise Asset Management (EAM) systems like Maximo. These modern tools provide a more sophisticated and integrated approach to asset management, offering comprehensive insights into asset performance, maintenance schedules, and operational efficiency.

To create an effective Zero-Based Budget using today's technology, we follow these essential steps:

1. Identify Objectives and KPIs: Begin by clearly defining your business objectives and the KPIs that will help measure success. This ensures that every budget item is aligned with the overall strategy.

2. Analyze Historical Data: Leverage past data from EAM systems like Maximo to identify trends, inefficiencies, and areas for improvement. This analysis forms the foundation of your budget.

3. Evaluate Every Expense: Every line item in the budget must be justified from the ground up. This means questioning the necessity of each expense and its potential impact on your KPIs.

4. Prioritize Spending: Allocate resources to areas that directly contribute to achieving your objectives and improving KPIs. This may involve redistributing funds from lower-priority activities.

5. Monitor and Adjust: Use real-time data from EAM systems to track performance against your budget. Be prepared to make adjustments as needed to stay on track with your objectives.

By integrating modern EAM systems with a Zero-Based Budgeting approach, organizations can achieve greater financial discipline and strategic alignment. This not only fosters a culture of accountability and efficiency but also positions the organization for long-term success and sustainability.

15/10/2024

⚡ A Call for Urgent Reform in the Electric Power Industry ⚡

Over the past few months, it has become increasingly clear that the Electric Power Industry in South Africa is in dire need of reform. Insights shared through various channels, including emails and LinkedIn discussions, underscore the urgency for a comprehensive overhaul of the regulatory framework governing this vital sector.

One of the most crucial steps is the establishment of an independent inspectorate. This body must possess the authority to investigate a wide range of issues across the industry, including oversight of local power distributors, private generating companies, and Eskom. It is imperative that only qualified individuals, with the necessary skills and experience, are appointed to these positions to ensure effective oversight and accountability.

🚨👮‍♂️ The role of these inspectors should be multifaceted. They must ensure compliance with national and regional laws governing electricity generation, transmission, and distribution—much like we had in previous decades. Key responsibilities should include conducting safety audits, inspecting electrical installations, and monitoring the overall performance of the electricity sector. Currently, there is a troubling lack of maintenance records and transparency, which undermines safety and reliability. 👮‍♀️

🌎📝 Moreover, these inspectors must have the authority to impose penalties, fines, or sanctions on entities that violate regulations or engage in unfair practices. We can look to successful models abroad, such as the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem) in the U.K., which has effectively enforced compliance through significant fines and audits. In 2020 alone, Ofgem issued fines totaling over £260 million. Similarly, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) in the U.S. conducts thorough investigations and audits without needing prior approval from the entities under review.

💪 In South Africa, it is essential that NERSA takes on a more proactive role in analyzing financial statements of electricity providers before approving tariff increases. The current reliance on self-reported data without adequate oversight is insufficient.

Furthermore, it is unacceptable for complaints about service quality—such as severe voltage imbalances—to remain unresolved for years. Regulatory bodies must facilitate communication with the appropriate utility companies to address these concerns swiftly and effectively.

🔧 The time for action is now. We need a reformed electric power sector that prioritizes transparency, accountability, and, most importantly, the needs of consumers. Let’s advocate for a system that ensures reliable, safe, and economically efficient energy services for all South Africans.

11/10/2024

🔍 **Public Trust and Transparency in NERSA: A Call for Action** 🔍

Lately, concerns about corruption and mismanagement have significantly eroded public trust in NERSA. Allegations of favoritism and a lack of transparency in decision-making are causing many stakeholders to question the regulator's integrity and effectiveness. This skepticism is hindering crucial collaboration between NERSA, Eskom, and independent power producers, which is essential for a cohesive energy strategy.

💔 **My Personal Experience with NERSA**

On April 15, 2024, I lodged a complaint regarding "Poor Service from City Power Johannesburg." Since then, I've seen little meaningful progress. After receiving a response on September 11 that an escalation letter was drafted, I was later informed that it had been sent. However, when I requested a copy, I was told it required legal approval to be shared. This lack of transparency is frustrating and difficult to explain to others.

The absence of updates raises serious questions about the transparency of the process. It feels like we’re going in circles without making any real headway.

❓ **Questions About the Escalation Letter**

Given the slow response, I can’t help but wonder if the escalation letter was ever truly sent, and whether it even addressed the core issues with City Power’s compliance. With ongoing problems related to unbalanced networks affecting our community’s electricity reliability, swift and transparent action is critical.

📅 **A History of Unresolved Issues**

It’s worth noting that complaints about power quality have been raised since 2010, yet they remain unaddressed.

⚠️ **The Need for Transparency**

Transparency is vital for effective regulation. Unfortunately, NERSA has faced criticism for its lack of openness. Stakeholders—including industry experts and consumer advocates—are increasingly concerned about this opacity, which undermines public trust and accountability.

💬 **Public Perception**

In conversations with friends about my approach to NERSA regarding City Power’s service issues, a common sentiment emerges: many believe NERSA lacks the capacity to investigate complex matters thoroughly. There are concerns that some staff may be merely "seat warmers," unable to effectively analyze tariff increase applications.

📰 **Why Aren't These Issues in the Media?**

I’m left wondering why critical issues like these aren’t covered more extensively in the media. Are they viewed as too complex? Frequent factory shutdowns and machinery failures are often dismissed as “old age,” but there are valid reasons behind them.

💰 **The Economic Impact of Poor Power Quality**

The economic ramifications of poor power quality are staggering. Reports indicate that it costs the European economy up to €150 billion annually, while the U.S. faces losses between $119 billion and $188 billion. This raises important questions about our own power quality in South Africa. Are we truly better off? And can we be confident that no municipality here is facing similar issues?

🔄 **Conclusion: A Call for Change**

The management of South Africa’s electricity sector by NERSA has been marked by inconsistency and a lack of transparency. These issues not only erode public trust but also hinder our economic and social development. For a stable and sustainable energy future, we must advocate for significant reforms in NERSA’s regulatory approach.

With slow responses and perceived disengagement, it feels like our concerns are being overlooked. The issues surrounding unbalanced networks need urgent attention, as they directly impact our community’s electricity supply. Let’s push for the clarity and action we deserve! 💪⚡️

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26/09/2024

🔌 **Navigating Power Quality Concerns with NERSA** 🔌

As many of you know, the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA) plays a crucial role in regulating electricity, piped gas, and petroleum pipelines. One of their key responsibilities is to ensure power quality, which encompasses important factors like voltage regulation, harmonic distortions, flicker, and unbalance.

However, my recent experience has raised concerns about their effectiveness in this area. For over five months, I have sought NERSA’s assistance in investigating persistent power quality issues, particularly unbalanced network conditions. Without my continued follow-up, it seems this issue might have been overlooked.

After considerable persistence, I finally received a response stating that an escalation letter was in the works. A week later, it was sent to the CEO of my local power distributor. However, when a representative from the distributor visited me, it was evident that they lacked a comprehensive understanding of the situation, forcing me to explain everything from scratch, including potential causes and consequences.

Moreover, when I requested to see the correspondence sent to the distributor, I was informed that NERSA’s legal department needed to approve that first.

I’m curious: has anyone else had a positive experience when raising concerns about power quality with NERSA? Your insights would be greatly appreciated! Let's spark a conversation on how we can collectively address these challenges. 💬✨

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10/09/2024

🔍 **Understanding Power Quality: Why It Matters for Your Bottom Line** ⚡

For over a year, I've been sharing insights into power quality issues and their financial impacts, focusing on unbalanced network conditions and the resulting costs on electricity bills. Despite numerous articles and explanations, I find that many people still struggle to grasp these concepts. Is it that my explanations are too complex, or do some prefer to ignore these issues and continue paying higher bills?

Understanding power quality is crucial for managing your energy expenses. In unbalanced networks, beyond just reactive and active power, inefficiencies arise that increase apparent power. Radial networks, which are common in medium and low voltage systems, tend to have greater imbalances compared to mesh networks.

Consider motor performance: a 1% voltage imbalance at a fully loaded motor can lead to a 6-10% imbalance in phase current. This imbalance raises the motor’s temperature, decreases energy efficiency, and shortens its lifespan. Additionally, it affects the motor’s speed and torque, leading to increased losses and reduced net torque. The negative sequence current can even create a backward-rotating magnetic field that counteracts the motor’s intended direction.

Beyond paying more per kWh, users might also be experiencing increased losses due to these imbalances. Understanding and addressing these issues can lead to significant cost savings and improved efficiency.

Let's prioritize power quality and make informed decisions about our energy use! 💡💪



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26/05/2024

In 2005, South Africa mandated departments to maintain separate asset registers for major and minor assets, and for assets under operating and finance leases. Despite deadline extensions, the legitimacy and effectiveness of these registers remain questionable. Many municipalities are under administration due to financial mismanagement and infrastructural degradation. The Auditor General’s office may find many departments’ asset registers deficient. Comprehensive asset registers and best maintenance practices can enhance maintenance management. However, deferred maintenance, often due to insufficient funding, has led to infrastructure deterioration. The question remains whether lack of funding is the sole reason for the poor state of infrastructure assets.
For further insights on this subject, please visit my blog post.

The State of Asset Management in South Africa: A Deep Dive Posted on 24th May 202424th May 2024 by Bertie Bezuidenhout In 2005, South Africa took a significant step towards better asset management. A decree was issued, mandating each department to maintain two separate asset registers: a major asset...

24/05/2024

Unraveling the Mysteries of Power Networks: A Tale of Balance and Imbalance
Introduction
Welcome to a journey into the world of power networks. Today, we delve into the principles of balanced and unbalanced power networks, using real-world data to illustrate the differences between these two scenarios. Our focus is on the actions of power distributors like Eskom when faced with unbalanced network conditions and the implications for their customers.
The Perfectly Balanced Network Condition
Imagine a perfectly balanced system where the magnitudes of currents and voltages are identical, with phase displacements precisely at 120 degrees. Such a balanced system should exclusively contain a Positive-Sequence Component, devoid of any Negative- or Zero-Sequence Components. In Figure 1, the positive-sequence voltage component represents a perfectly balanced system. The sole vector present corresponds to the positive-sequence component.
Unbalanced Networks Conditions
While it is tempting to replicate the full explanation of Symmetrical Component Analysis from the Agulhascorp website, I have chosen a different approach. To understand the rationale behind this analysis and gain insights into Negative Phase Sequencing, I encourage you to explore these topics further. This will equip you with the necessary background to comprehend the forthcoming discussion.
Inefficiency Powers
Understanding all elements contributing to the energy balance is crucial. Within an unbalanced network, beyond reactive and active power, additional inefficient powers arise from imbalances, amplifying the system's apparent power. Compared to a mesh network, a radial network exhibits greater imbalances.
Radial versus Ring Main Electrical Power Distribution Systems
A radial system is a type of power distribution network where various feeders extend out from a central substation or generating station, linking to the primary distribution transformer. The defining feature of a radial system is its single route for power transmission from the source (the substation) to the end users (the consumers). However, this straightforward design has a downside: if a feeder malfunctions, the consumers connected to that feeder will experience a power outage. This is because there is no backup route to supply power to the transformer. Likewise, if a transformer breaks down, the power supply will be disrupted.
To address the shortcomings of radial systems, ring main distribution systems were developed. In such a system, feeders form a closed circuit or ring, with consumers drawing power from this loop. This circular configuration allows power to flow in both directions. Consequently, if a feeder becomes non-functional, power can still be delivered via the other section of the ring. Ring main systems, while slightly more intricate to set up, offer superior reliability and resilience compared to radial systems, ensuring redundancy and uninterrupted power supply.
Damages Resulting from Unbalanced Networks
Upon reviewing the “Power Quality Data Linden” spreadsheet that I sent to the City Power officials on the 15th of March 2024, they should have promptly asked: What is the impact of voltage imbalance on electric motors, generators, transformers, and power supply cables?
Motor performance is contingent on voltage. A 1 percent voltage imbalance at a fully loaded motor’s terminals can lead to a 6 to 10 percent phase current imbalance. This imbalance elevates the motor’s operating temperature, diminishes its energy efficiency, and curtails its lifespan. Furthermore, unbalanced voltage alters the motor’s speed and torque characteristics. It results in an unbalanced stator current, escalating losses and net torque. The negative sequence current generates a backward-rotating magnetic field and a torque opposite to the positive sequence component. Consequently, the torque from the negative sequence current attempts to decelerate the motor by applying counter torque.
Modderbee Municipal Substation
I came to know that an Eskom representative was informed about potential imbalances in the network conditions at the Modderbee municipal substation, but it was possibly dismissed as improbable. However, as I was not in attendance, I cannot guarantee the veracity of the information that I obtained indirectly.
Modderbee Municipal Substation Recordings
In August 2023, I was tasked with monitoring the load on a municipal feeder at the Modderbee substation located in Springs, Gauteng. This assignment was given by a consulting engineer who aimed to ascertain the additional load that could be accommodated by a specific 6.6kV feeder.
Data Analyses
Initially, my focus was primarily on examining the measurements of real (P), reactive (Q), and apparent power (S). However, when the consulting engineer raised concerns about the elevated neutral currents, I began to scrutinize the data more thoroughly. It was during this detailed analysis that I uncovered the unusually high levels of unbalanced currents and voltages.
City Power Area – Linden
Despite numerous appeals to City Power to investigate potential imbalances in the network at the Roosevelt Park substation in Johannesburg, and even volunteering my services to help pinpoint if this issue was localized, I took the initiative to set up my own Power Quality Monitor at a nearby three-phase installation. I had suspicions that our area was experiencing unbalanced network conditions, and I was keen to confirm this.
City Power Recordings
On the 12th of April 2024, I set up my Power Quality Monitor at a residence in my neighborhood for a duration of roughly 20 hours.
Data Analyses
As previously mentioned, in an ideally balanced system, the voltage magnitudes should be identical, and the phase shifts should be precisely 120 degrees. Furthermore, such a balanced system should exclusively exhibit a Positive-Sequence Component, with the absence of any Negative- or Zero-Sequence Components.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the journey into the world of power networks is a fascinating one. The balance and imbalance in these networks have far-reaching implications for power distributors and consumers alike. As we continue to explore and understand these dynamics, we can work towards more efficient and reliable power distribution systems. Stay tuned for more insights and analyses in future posts. Happy reading!
A Deep Dive into Voltage Coordinates and Their Impact on Your Electricity Bill
Introduction
Now we are going to delve deeper into the world of voltage coordinates and their implications on your electricity bill. We'll be using real-world data from Linden, recorded at 21:20:00 on April 12, 2024, to illustrate our points.
Cartesian Coordinates of Recorded Voltages
Our journey begins with an examination of the three symmetrical components that constitute the voltages in our data set. A crucial observation here is the apparent absence of a solid yellow line. But don't be fooled into thinking a phase is absent. What's happened is that phases 2 and 3 are almost equal in magnitude and share a similar phase-displacement angle.
Phase-To-Phase Voltages
Next, we look at the phase-to-phase voltages of an ideally balanced network, contrasted with the unbalanced phase-to-phase voltages of a network. In an ideally balanced network, we'd expect to see a red "triangle" symbolizing the measured phase-to-phase voltages. However, in this instance, the red "triangle" is absent. Instead, the phase-to-phase voltages seem to be depicted as a "straight line", deviating from the expected triangular representation. This anomaly is due to the phase-to-phase voltage between phase 2 and 3 being only 0.33 volts.
Effect on Electricity Bill
Now, you might be wondering: does the imbalance in voltages and currents impact the consumer's electricity charges? The concise response is, indeed, it does! Within the power triangle of an AC circuit, three components exist: the real power (P), the reactive power (Q), and the apparent power (S). The billing for single-phase customers is determined by the product of the apparent power and the tariff. On the other hand, many, but not all, three-phase customers have an extra charge on their bills that is calculated based on the reactive power (kVAR) component.
Kempton Park vs. Linden
To illustrate this, let's compare the load characteristics of a “nearly perfectly balanced network” from Kempton Park with the values derived from real data collected in Linden. In Kempton Park, the ratio of total apparent power to total real power is 1.04:1. In contrast, in Linden, the ratio stands at 2.37:1. This means that a customer in Linden is likely overpaying by approximately R559.79 each month.
Effects of Unbalanced Networks in Linden
As previously mentioned, the component known as the zero-sequence is responsible for generating heat in transformers and cables. This can lead to the overheating of transformers and cables, potentially causing unexpected shutdowns or even more serious failures like cables igniting or the insulation within the transformer catching fire.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it's crucial for consumers to understand the implications of unbalanced network conditions. These conditions can lead to a significant rise in inefficient powers, causing an increase in apparent power and subsequently, higher electricity bills. On the generation side, power must be produced to offset the losses. Each unit generated includes a profit margin. Therefore, the more units produced, the greater the profits. It's important to note that none of the power plants, whether coal-fired, nuclear, or renewable, operate as non-profit entities.
So, if you're under the impression that residing in a different part of the globe shields you from unbalanced network conditions, it might be worth verifying that assumption. As outlined in this post, you might be totally unaware of such occurrences. Stay tuned for more insights and analyses in future posts. Happy reading!

Kempton Park vs. Linden
To illustrate this, let's compare the load characteristics of a “nearly perfectly balanced network” from Kempton Park with the values derived from real data collected in Linden. In Kempton Park, the ratio of total apparent power to total real power is 1.04:1. In contrast, in Linden, the ratio stands at 2.37:1. This means that a customer in Linden is likely overpaying by approximately R559.79 each month.
Effects of Unbalanced Networks in Linden
As previously mentioned, the component known as the zero-sequence is responsible for generating heat in transformers and cables. This can lead to the overheating of transformers and cables, potentially causing unexpected shutdowns or even more serious failures like cables igniting or the insulation within the transformer catching fire.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it's crucial for consumers to understand the implications of unbalanced network conditions. These conditions can lead to a significant rise in inefficient powers, causing an increase in apparent power and subsequently, higher electricity bills. On the generation side, power must be produced to offset the losses. Each unit generated includes a profit margin. Therefore, the more units produced, the greater the profits. It's important to note that none of the power plants, whether coal-fired, nuclear, or renewable, operate as non-profit entities.
So, if you're under the impression that residing in a different part of the globe shields you from unbalanced network conditions, it might be worth verifying that assumption. As outlined in this post, you might be totally unaware of such occurrences. Stay tuned for more insights and analyses in future posts. Happy reading!