READS Consultancy

13/06/2025

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10/06/2025

Looking to design impactful, evidence-based programs or craft winning funding proposals? We’ve got you covered!

We utilise strategic and situational analysis to develop programs that align with the priorities of donors and governments, helping clients create technically sound and compelling proposals that stand out.

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04/06/2025

We offer expert-led formative research, mixed-methods studies, advisory services, and learning frameworks to support data-driven project design, implementation, and scale-up. From Theory of Change development to Knowledge Management systems, we help organisations turn evidence into impact.

30/05/2025

Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) is essential for effective project and program management. It enables organisations to track progress, measure outcomes, and assess the impact of their interventions. Through regular monitoring, stakeholders can identify challenges early, make informed decisions, and improve accountability. Evaluation provides critical insights into what works, what doesn’t, and why, ensuring that resources are used efficiently and that results contribute to long-term development goals.

READS Consultancy recognises the vital role M&E plays in achieving sustainable development. We offer comprehensive M&E consultation services, including system design, data collection and analysis, digital tool integration, capacity building, and results-based reporting. Our team is committed to helping organisations enhance their performance, demonstrate impact, and meet donor and stakeholder expectations.

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03/05/2024

Descriptive Statistics vs inferential Statistics

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02/05/2024

The purpose of a research topic



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27/03/2024

What are your thoughts on the terms of the Restructured Debt?

IN CASE YOU MISSED IT!

Here are highlights from a Ministerial Statement delivered to Parliament today by the Minister of Finance Hon. Situmbeko Musokotwane, MP, on the Debt Restructuring Agreement between Zambia and the Official Creditor Committee (OCC).

✅The Zambian Government and the Steering Committee of the Adhoc Committee of the Eurobond holders have reached an agreement on the key commercial terms of a proposed restructuring transaction relating to Zambia's Eurobonds due in 2022, 2024 and 2027.
✅The Government has already obtained confirmation from the OCC and the IMF that this agreement complies with the Comparability of Treatment principle and the debt sustainability targets under the IMF program.
✅Following this Agreement, the Bondholders will be invited to exchange or vote in favour of a consent to amend the terms of their Bonds for new fixed income instruments representing unsecured obligations of the Government, which may be referred to as "New Bonds". The New Bonds are comprised of two bonds, A and B, amounting to US $1.7 Billion and US $ 1.35 billion respectively.
✅The Agreement in principle which has been reached with the Bondholders also includes an adjustment mechanism involving a Base Case Treatment and Upside Case Treatment, dependent on Zambia's future economic performances.
✅Bond A matures in 2033 and pays 5.75 percent per annum in coupons until mid-2031, where the coupon increases to 7.5 percent. The financial terms of Bond A remain unchanged in both the base case and upside case treatments.
✅Bond B matures in 2053 in the base case scenario and 2035 in the upside scenario with interest being adjusted from 0.5 percent to 7.5 percent after 2025 in the upside scenario with a very large share of the coupon being paid in kind until 2031 to avoid direct cash outlays for the Budget and comply with IMF's debt service to revenue targets.
✅Under the Base Case Treatment, the weighted average maturity of the New Bonds will be 15 years, while under the Upside Case Treatment, it will be 8 years.
✅Under this Agreement, the Bondholders will forego approximately US$840 million of their claims through a haircut on the outstanding balance on the bonds and accrued interest, and provide approximately US$ 2.5 billion in cash flow relief through reduced debt service payments during the IMF programme period.
✅The portion of external debt which is subject to restructuring comprises of official bilateral debt which accounts for approximately 50 percent.
✅Commercial debt accounts for the other half, out of which Eurobonds also account for over 50% and therefore, the agreements reached with the OCC and the Bondholders imply that out of the debt which is subject to restructuring, about 75% percent has been restructured, leaving only the debt owed to other commercial creditors.
✅The implication of the Agreement with the Bondholders and OCC is that Government will resume making debt service payments on the restructured debt.
✅The debt service payments to be made by Government will be significantly lower than what would have been paid if the debt was not restructured and this will free up financial resources which will be channelled to other critical sectors of the economy.
✅The Debt Agreement will further strengthen the confidence in the country’s economy and in the currency, opening the door to increased Foreign Direct Investment.
✅Despite the milestones that have so far been achieved in the debt restructuring process, the country still has more work to do and Government is hopeful of expedited bilateral agreements with the official creditors in order to implement the terms of the debt treatment agreed in the October MoU.

07/03/2024

How the Droughts will Shape Household Consumption in Zambia - A Researcher’s Perspective
Thursday (15th edition)
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In light of the president's recent public address acknowledging Zambia's severe drought and declaring it a national disaster, it is imperative to recognize the far-reaching consequences of such environmental challenges. The impact of droughts extends beyond immediate concerns to broader aspects of daily life and the economy in Zambia. This declaration aligns with the Disaster Management and Mitigation Act No. 13 of 2010, emphasizing the urgency and gravity of the situation. Examining the ramifications on household consumption, droughts are poised to disrupt various facets, posing a substantial threat to the realization of socioeconomic transformation outlined in the 8th National Development Plan (8NDP).

The impact of these droughts extends beyond immediate concerns, reaching into the fabric of daily life and the broader economic landscape. As we delve into how droughts are likely to shape household consumption in Zambia, it becomes evident that addressing this national disaster is not only a matter of immediate relief but also a crucial element in safeguarding the envisioned improvements in livelihoods outlined in the national development plan. Therefore, understanding these dynamics is crucial for devising effective strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of droughts.
Here are some ways in which droughts are likely to shape household consumption in Zambia:

Food Security and Prices:
Droughts will reduce agricultural productivity, affecting crop yields and food production. This will therefore result in food shortages and increased prices for basic food items such as Mealie Meal to mention but a few. These higher food prices will strain household budgets, forcing families to allocate a larger portion of their income to meet basic nutritional needs. This may lead to changes in food consumption patterns and ultimately the food basket composition, with a focus on more affordable but less nutritious options.

Water Scarcity:
The droughts will contribute to water scarcity, impacting access to clean water for households. This will result in increased expenses for alternative water sources, such as purchasing water or investing in water storage solutions. Reduced water availability is likely to also affect hygiene practices, potentially leading to health issues and increased healthcare expenses for households.

Energy Costs:
In this case, droughts will affect hydropower generation, which is a significant source of energy in Zambia. The president in his briefing categorically stated that the drought is likely to cause power rationing and the country may need to import electricity. Reduced hydroelectric power production will lead to low productivity, especially in the mines, and increased reliance on alternative energy sources which will potentially raise electricity costs for households thereby reducing household disposable income.

Livelihoods and Employment:
Agricultural-dependent livelihoods especially in rural areas are particularly vulnerable to droughts, as farmers will experience crop failures, leading to income loss and unemployment. The economic impact on agriculture will ripple through other sectors such as those involved in processing farm produce, thereby affecting overall employment rates and income levels. This, in turn, will influence household spending patterns and consumption choices.

Healthcare Expenditures:
Droughts will contribute to the spread of waterborne diseases especially in densely populated areas due to inadequate access to clean water and sanitation. This may result in increased healthcare expenditures for households dealing with water-related illnesses.
Limited access to healthcare services, especially in rural areas, will exacerbate health challenges, leading to additional financial burdens on households.

Government Interventions:
The government's response to droughts, including relief efforts and policies, will influence household consumption. Subsidies, social safety nets, and assistance programs will temporarily alleviate some financial pressures on affected households in the short run, but long-term interventions need to be put in place such as investing in irrigation machinery, water conservation and afforestation to curb the effect of climate change among others.

Droughts in Zambia will have cascading effects on various aspects of daily life, affecting food security, water availability, energy costs, livelihoods, and healthcare. The overall impact on household consumption will depend on the severity of the drought, the effectiveness of government interventions, and the resilience of communities in adapting to changing conditions.

From a researcher's perspective, the acknowledgement of Zambia's severe drought and its declaration as a national disaster prompts an in-depth analysis of the multifaceted consequences on various aspects of society. Here are key points a researcher might consider:

Causation and Climate Change Research:
Investigating the root causes of the drought, including climate change patterns, historical weather data, and the long-term impact of environmental policies.
Assessing whether this drought is part of a larger trend and if there are indicators of increased frequency or severity of such events.

Socioeconomic Impacts:
Studying the interconnectedness of droughts with household consumption, economic stability, and livelihoods.
Analysing historical data to understand how previous droughts have affected different regions, communities, and economic sectors.

Policy Effectiveness:
Evaluating the existing Disaster Management and Mitigation Act to assess its effectiveness in dealing with such crises.
Investigating the implementation and impact of government interventions, including relief efforts and long-term strategies outlined in policies.

Community Resilience:
Researching the resilience of communities in the face of droughts, considering factors such as local adaptation strategies, community support systems, and historical coping mechanisms.
Identifying potential community-driven initiatives that could complement or enhance government interventions.

Food Security and Agriculture:
Examining the specific impacts on agriculture, including the types of crops affected, regional disparities, and the long-term implications for food security.
Assessing the viability and effectiveness of alternative agricultural practices that could mitigate the impact of droughts.

Health Consequences:
Investigating the link between droughts, water scarcity, and the spread of waterborne diseases.
Analysing the healthcare infrastructure's ability to cope with increased cases and the potential long-term health implications on the population.

Energy Sector Resilience:
Assessing the vulnerabilities in the energy sector, particularly in hydropower generation.
Studying alternative energy sources and their potential role in mitigating the impact on energy costs and productivity.

Long-term Environmental Strategies:
Researching sustainable environmental practices that can help mitigate the effects of droughts, such as afforestation, water conservation, and climate-resilient agricultural techniques.

International Comparisons:
Comparing Zambia's response and outcomes with other regions that have faced similar challenges to identify best practices and potential areas for improvement.
Interdisciplinary Approaches:

Encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration to understand the interconnectedness of environmental, economic, and social factors in the context of droughts.
By adopting a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach, researchers will be able to contribute valuable insights that inform policymakers, aid in the development of effective strategies, and contribute to global knowledge on climate-related challenges and their consequences.

(Image credit: Getty Images)

07/12/2023

VERBAL AND PHYSICAL ABUSE IN FAMILIES AND HOW IT MANIFESTS IN THE LIVES OF CHILDREN
Thursday (14th Edition)
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Verbal and physical abuse within families can have profound and lasting effects on children, shaping their emotional, psychological, and physical well-being. While research on this topic has been conducted worldwide, it's important to note that experiences vary across different cultural contexts. This work explores the impact of family abuse on children in an African setting, shedding light on the complexities of these dynamics.

In general, verbal abuse often involves the use of words to hurt, belittle, or control others. In the context of African families, research has highlighted the prevalence of verbal abuse and its implications for children. Examples of verbal abuse include constant criticism, humiliation, and derogatory comments. A study conducted in Nigeria (Smith et al., 2018) showed that children exposed to frequent verbal abuse within their families exhibited higher rates of anxiety and depression.

Children exposed to such verbal aggression may internalise negative beliefs about themselves, leading to low self-esteem and poor mental health outcomes. Long-term effects may manifest in adulthood, impacting the individual's ability to form healthy relationships and achieve personal goals.
Physical abuse involves the use of force that causes harm or injury. In many African societies, the traditional emphasis on discipline may blur the line between acceptable punishment and outright physical abuse. Research by Mumba et al. (2017) in Zambia highlighted a correlation between exposure to physical abuse in childhood and increased aggression in adolescence. Other Studies by researchers like Dr. I. A. Adegun (2018) emphasized that physical abuse can lead to physical injuries, but also long-term emotional and psychological trauma in children.

Examples of physical abuse in African families may include corporal punishment, excessive use of force, and neglect. The consequences for children can extend beyond immediate physical harm, leading to issues such as behavioural problems, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and a higher likelihood of engaging in violent behaviours later in life.

Understanding the cultural nuances surrounding discipline in African families is crucial. Certain practices, such as corporal punishment, may be deeply ingrained in cultural norms. However, it is essential to distinguish between culturally accepted discipline and abusive behaviours that harm a child's well-being.

Consequences for Children:
1. Emotional and Psychological Impact:
Children exposed to verbal and physical abuse may experience heightened levels of stress, anxiety, and fear and long-term exposure can contribute to the development of mental health disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

2. Social Dysfunction:
Abused children may struggle with forming healthy relationships, exhibiting trust issues and difficulties in social interactions. Dr. N. O. Igbineweka's research (2017) in Nigeria suggests that children exposed to family violence are at a higher risk of engaging in aggressive behaviour themselves.

3. Academic Challenges:
Verbal and physical abuse can impair cognitive development, leading to difficulties in concentration and learning. Dr. M. K. Mokgosi's work (2019) in Botswana indicates a correlation between exposure to family violence and lower academic achievement.

4. Inter-generational Cycle:
Research by Dr. S. M. Wandera (2015) in Uganda suggests that children who experience abuse are more likely to perpetuate abusive behaviour in their own families later in life.

Interventions and Solutions:
1. Community Education:
Community-based awareness programs can help educate families about the negative consequences of abuse and promote positive parenting practices.

2. Legal Protections:
There is a need to strengthen legal frameworks to protect children from abuse and ensuring that perpetrators face appropriate consequences can act as a deterrent.

3. Mental Health Support:
Providing accessible mental health services can assist both children and parents in coping with the emotional aftermath of abuse.

4. Parenting Programs:
Implementing parenting programs that emphasize non-violent and nurturing approaches can break the cycle of abuse.

While the specific manifestations of abuse may vary, addressing the issue requires a comprehensive and culturally sensitive approach that considers the unique contexts of African societies. Ongoing research and advocacy are crucial for understanding the complexities of family abuse and developing effective interventions. Research by Ofori-Atta et al. (2019) emphasizes the importance of community-based interventions and support networks. Creating awareness about the long-term consequences of abuse and providing resources for families to access counselling and mental health services can contribute to breaking the cycle of abuse.
Summing it up, verbal and physical abuse within African families can have profound and lasting effects on children. While cultural context plays a role, distinguishing between acceptable discipline and abusive behaviours is crucial. Research highlights the need for targeted interventions and support systems to address the complex dynamics of family abuse and mitigate its impact on the well-being of children in African societies.




**Further Reading**
Smith, A. B., et al. (2018). Verbal abuse and its mental health correlates in a representative sample of Nigerian adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 78, 43-52.

Mumba, E. M., et al. (2017). The relationship between child physical abuse and aggressive behaviours in Zambia. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(5), 1441-1450.

Ofori-Atta, A., et al. (2019). Strengthening mental health services in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(5), 339-346.

19/10/2023

SHOULD GOVERNMENT BE ALLOWED TO DO BUSINESS?
Thursday (13th Edition)
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The question of whether government should be allowed to engage in business is a complex and often debated issue. There are arguments both in favour of and against government involvement in business, and the answer varies depending on the specific context and the type of business activity in question.

Those who agree that government should be allowed to do business, argue on the ground that governments often provide essential public services like education, healthcare, infrastructure development, and utilities. Thus, direct government involvement can help ensure these services are accessible to all citizens. The argument extends to governments playing a crucial role in regulating and overseeing various industries to protect consumers, ensure fair competition, and prevent abuse of power. Another argument in favour of allowing the government to engage in business activities is that it can lead to increased economic efficiency and public welfare as seen in a study by Stiglitz and Rosengard (2015) which suggested that government interventions in sectors prone to market failures can prevent undue financial crises and ensure fair competition.

A study conducted by Besley and Ghatak (2001) found that government-run businesses, especially in sectors like healthcare and education, can ensure the provision of essential services to all citizens, regardless of their ability to pay. Public sector enterprises can operate without the profit motive, prioritizing quality and affordability over maximizing shareholder value. This can lead to better overall outcomes for society.

Proponents of this school of thought also argue that during economic crises, governments may intervene in certain industries to stabilize the economy for example, as seen in the case of the Zambian Government putting a price ceiling on Eagles Mealie Meal produced by the Zambia National Service so as to control the price of mealie meal on the market. In light of this, government involvement in stabilizing the economy remains critical so as to prevent market failures and protect jobs in industries critical to national security, such as defence or energy, government involvement can be necessary to safeguard the country's interests.

Research studies have also suggested that government involvement in business can help stimulate economic growth and promote stability. A report published by the World Bank in 2015, titled "The Role of Government in Promoting Industrial Development," found that governments can play a crucial role in fostering industrialization and economic development. By participating in key sectors, governments can create a stable and predictable business environment, attract foreign investments, and provide essential services.

Additionally, government-owned businesses can be instrumental in addressing market failures and ensuring the equitable distribution of goods and services. A study by the National Bureau of Economic Research in 2018, "Government Ownership and Economic Performance," demonstrated that government enterprises can effectively address public goods and infrastructure development challenges that private companies might neglect due to profit motives. This can lead to improved access to healthcare, education, and other essential services for citizens. Another argument comes from the perspective that government involvement in business can promote fair competition and regulate markets. Research by Stiglitz (2018) highlights that in certain industries, such as utilities, having government-owned enterprises can act as a counterbalance to private monopolies. This not only prevents price gouging but also ensures that essential services remain accessible to the entire population. Furthermore, Governments can use their business activities to achieve specific policy goals, such as promoting environmental sustainability or advancing research and development.

On the other hand, the opposing school of thought postulates that government should not be allowed to do business because Government-run businesses are sometimes seen to be less efficient and innovative than private enterprises. A study by Shleifer and Vishny (1994) on government ownership and economic performance found that state-owned enterprises tend to be less productive and innovative than their private counterparts. Bureaucratic processes, political interference, and lack of competition can lead to inefficiencies, ultimately costing taxpayers and hindering economic growth. Other research studies have also pointed out that government-owned enterprises often suffer from inefficiency, corruption, and mismanagement. For instance, a report by the Cato Institute in 2019, "The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Privatizing Public Enterprises," discussed how government-owned businesses frequently face issues related to excessive bureaucracy, politicization, and budget constraints that hinder their performance.

A study by Estrin and Pelletier (2016) underscored the fiscal and budgetary concerns associated with government involvement in business. Stating that State-owned enterprises may require significant subsidies or bailouts when they face financial difficulties. These subsidies often divert resources from essential public services, and they can lead to budget deficits. The potential for corruption and mismanagement in such enterprises can also strain public finances.

Bureaucracy and political considerations have also been seen to slow decision-making and hinder competitiveness. When governments enter markets, they may crowd out private investment and competition, potentially limiting choices and reducing incentives for efficiency. Furthermore, Government businesses may allocate resources based on political priorities rather than market demand, potentially leading to misallocation of resources. This school of thought has also noted that Government-run businesses can be susceptible to corruption, cronyism, and favouritism in the allocation of contracts and opportunities thereby distorting the market through Government intervention which often leads to unintended consequences such as distorting competition and discouraging innovation. For example, a study by Mauro (1995) found a significant correlation between state-owned enterprises and higher levels of corruption. Highlighting that State-owned businesses may become tools for politicians to favour their supporters or manipulate the market, ultimately harming the overall economy. The Heritage Foundation's 2020 study on "Government-Owned Enterprises and Economic Growth" also emphasized that government-owned businesses might receive preferential treatment, subsidies, or unfair advantages that create an uneven playing field for private enterprises, a factor that has been seen to lead to market inefficiencies and hinder overall economic growth.

In practice, the extent of government involvement in business varies widely from one country to another and depends on the prevailing economic and political ideologies. Most countries strike a balance between public and private sector involvement, with the government primarily focusing on areas where market mechanisms may fail to deliver essential services or meet specific policy objectives.

The debate over government involvement in business often revolves around questions of when, where, and how the government should participate in the economy. Decisions are typically influenced by a combination of economic, political, and social factors, and they can change over time in response to evolving circumstances and public opinion.

In summary, the debate over whether the government should be allowed to engage in business activities remains multifaceted, with research studies presenting conflicting findings and conclusions. Ultimately, the decision of whether government should be allowed to do business ought to consider the specific context and industry in question, weighing the potential benefits and drawbacks of government participation.

25/09/2023

Word of the Day

07/09/2023

Paper Reviews: Impact on parents having children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Thursday (12th Edition)
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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that affects individuals' social interactions, communication, behaviour, and sensory processing. It is referred to as a "spectrum" disorder because it encompasses a wide range of symptoms and levels of impairment. ASD can manifest differently in each affected individual, with some displaying mild symptoms and others experiencing more severe challenges. Some key characteristics and features of ASD include Social and Communication Difficulties, Repetitive Behaviours and Interests, Sensory Sensitivities, Rigidity and Routine, and Varying Levels of Functioning among others.

The exact cause of ASD is still not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is no known cure for ASD, but early diagnosis and intervention can greatly improve outcomes for individuals with the disorder. Treatment approaches often include behavioural therapies, speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, and educational support tailored to the individual's needs.

Therefore, it is important to recognize that every person with ASD is unique, and their strengths and challenges can vary widely. Many individuals with ASD go on to lead fulfilling lives and make valuable contributions to their communities and society when provided with appropriate support and understanding.

As the first paragraph emphasizes, individuals with ASD can lead fulfilling lives when provided with appropriate support and understanding. This support is often facilitated by dedicated parents who play a central role in the journey of their children with ASD.

Parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often face a unique set of challenges that can have a profound impact on their lives. According to a study by Kuhlthau et al, 2014 on the Quality of life for parents of children with autism spectrum disorders, it was reported that Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) scores were slightly worse than those in normative populations especially related to stress and mental health. Parents reported average HRQoL scores from SF-6D of 0.74, which was clinically significantly lower than an average normative U.S. population. 40% of parents reported having clinical depression symptoms. Married parents reported lower depression symptoms than parents who were not. In addition, families with three or more children with special health care needs (CSHCN) reported lower HRQL and higher caregiving burden than families with less CSHCN.

The Qualitative data further supported the notion that parental HRQoL was negatively influenced by their child's ASDs. The research recommended that studies that seek to quantify the influence of ASDs and assess the effect of interventions for children with ASDs should consider measuring the effects on family members as well.

Parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) face unique challenges that can vary depending on the severity of the child's condition and their individual needs, but here are some common ways in which parents are affected:

Emotional and Psychological Impact:
* Stress and Anxiety: Parents of children with ASD often experience higher stress and anxiety levels due to the daily demands of caring for a child with unique needs.
* Grief and Loss: Many parents go through a grieving process as they come to terms with the fact that their child may not have a typical developmental trajectory.
* Depression: The ongoing challenges of raising a child with ASD can lead to feelings of sadness and depression for some parents.

Financial Impact:
* Cost of Therapies and Interventions: Treatment and therapy services for children with ASD can be expensive, and some may not be covered by insurance.
* Reduced Employment Opportunities: Some parents may have to reduce their working hours or quit their jobs to provide care for their child/children, leading to
reduced income.

Impact on Relationships:
* Strain on Marital Relationships: The stress and demands of raising a child with ASD can put a strain on a couple's relationship, potentially leading to marital issues.
* Impact on Siblings: Siblings of children with ASD may feel neglected or overwhelmed, which can affect family dynamics.

Social Isolation:
* Limited Social Activities: Parents may have fewer opportunities to engage in social activities or outings due to the unique needs of their child.
* Stigmatization: Some parents may encounter stigmatization or judgment from others who may not understand the challenges they face.

Advocacy and Navigation:
* Navigating the Healthcare System: Parents often need to advocate for their child within the healthcare and educational systems, which can be daunting and time-consuming.
* Legal and Educational Advocacy: Parents may need to advocate for their child's rights and appropriate services within the educational system.

Long-term Planning:
* Concerns about the Future: Parents may worry about what will happen to their child with ASD as they age, especially when parents can no longer provide care.

Despite these challenges, it's important to note that many parents of children with ASD also report positive experiences and personal growth. They often become strong advocates for their children and develop resilience in the face of adversity. Support networks, access to information, and early intervention services can make a significant difference in the well-being of both the child with ASD and their parents. Therefore, it is crucial for parents of children with ASD to seek support, whether through therapy, support groups, or educational resources, to help them cope with the unique challenges they face and to ensure the best possible outcomes for their child's development and overall well-being.

The impact of ASD condition on parents of affected children with ASDs is varied and substantial. This has important implications for healthcare providers to not only help better coordinate care for affected children but also to observe and maintain parents’ health and wellness, policy policymakers to consider providing better social support for the parents and families of children with ASDs, and researchers to consider including family spillover effects in economic evaluation of interventions for children with ASDs.